Biology, Damage, and Integrated Control Strategies for Major Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i9.2845-2857.7724Keywords:
Crop rotation, Disease management, Nematicides, Nematodes, Root-knot nematodesAbstract
This review examines the considerable impact of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) on global agriculture and explores sustainable strategies for managing their detrimental effects. PPNs, including species like Meloidogyne, Globodera and Pratylenchus, contribute to significant crop losses each year by attacking plant roots and disrupting nutrient uptake. While traditional chemical nematicides are effective, their environmental risks have led to growing interest in integrated pest management approaches. These strategies encompass the use of biocontrol agents, crop rotation, alternative nematicides and the development of nematode-resistant crops. Advances in biotechnology, such as genome editing and nanonematicides present new opportunities for more targeted nematode control with reduced chemical input. Additionally, innovations in diagnostic tools, such as PCR and remote sensing technologies allow for the efficient detection and quantification of nematodes in the field. However, the widespread adoption of these sustainable practices faces economic challenges particularly in the Global South, where high initial costs and delayed returns hinder implementation. To address these obstacles, collaboration among researchers, farmers, and policymakers is essential to ensure equitable access to advanced nematode management strategies. Ongoing research into new nematicidal compounds and improved methods is crucial for promoting sustainable agriculture and maintaining food security in the face of escalating PPN-related threats.
References
Abdalreda, E. M., & Mohammed, L. H. (2022, July). Nematodes that transmit plant pathogenic viruses. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1060, No. 1, p. 012125). IOP Publishing.
Abd-Elgawad, M. M. (2021). Optimizing safe approaches to manage plant-parasitic nematodes. Plants, 10(9), 1911.
Abd-Elgawad, M. M. M., & Askary, T. H. (2020). Factors affecting success of biological agents used in controlling the plant-parasitic nematodes. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 30(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S41938- 020-00215-2
Abd-Elgawad, M. M., & Askary, T. H. (2018). Fungal and bacterial nematicides in integrated nematode management strategies. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 28(1), 1-24.
Ayala, A., & Román, J. (1963). Distribution and host range of the burrowing nematode in Puerto Rican soils. J. Agric. Univ. PR, 45, 265-299.
Back, M. A., Haydock, P. P. J., & Jenkinson, P. (2002). Disease complexes involving plant parasitic nematodes and soilborne pathogens. Plant Pathology, 51(6), 683–697. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00785.x
Barker, K. R., & Koenning, S. R. (1998). Developing sustainable systems for nematode management. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 36(1), 165–205. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.165
Becker, J.O.; Ploeg, A.; Nuñez, J.J. Multi-year field evaluation of fluorinated nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita in carrots. Plant. Dis. 103, 2392–2396.
Bernard, G. C., Egnin, M., & Bonsi, C. (2017). The impact of plant-parasitic nematodes on agriculture and methods of control. Nematology-Concepts, Diagnosis and Control.
Booker, M. A., & DeLong, A. (2015). Producing the ethylene signal: regulation and diversification of ethylene biosynthetic enzymes. Plant Physiology, 169(1), 42-50.
Briar, S. S., Wichman, D., & Reddy, G. V. (2016). Plant-parasitic nematode problems in organic agriculture. In Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, Cham. Pp.107-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26803- 3.
Bridge, J., & Page, S. L. J. (2006). Plant nematodes of agricultural importance: Helicotylenchus spp. CAB International.
Bridge, J., & Starr, J. L. (2007). Plant nematodes of agricultural importance: Biology and management. In Nematology monographs and perspectives (Vol. 5, pp. 27–41).
Bucki, P., Qing, X., Castillo, P., Gamliel, A., Dobrinin, S., Alon, T., & Braun Miyara, S. (2020). The genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) in Israel: From taxonomy to control practices. Plants, 9(11), 1475.
Cao, Y., Ikram, A. U., Chen, J., Sun, Z., & Chen, J. (2023). The marksman: Bioactivated nematicides selectively kill plant‐parasitic nematodes. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 65(10), 2239-2241.
Caswell-Chen, E. P., Williamson, V. M., & Westerdahl, B. B. (1993). Applied Biotechnology
Chakraborty, S., Mukhopadhyay, A., & Dasgupta, D. (2012). Impact of Helicotylenchus spp. on crop production: A review. Journal of Crop Protection, 31(4), 289–295.
Chen, J., Zhou, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, D., Zhou, C., Shi, R., ... & Xiao, G. (2023). Evaluation soybean cultivars for reaction to Heterodera glycines populations HG types 7 and 1.3. 4.7 in northeast China. Life, 13(1), 248.
Curran, J., Driver, F., Ballard, J. W. O., & Milner, R. J. (1994). Phylogeny of Metarhizium: analysis of ribosomal DNA sequence data. Mycological Research, 98(5), 547-552.
Da Cunha, M. J., Da Conceição, I. L., Abrantes, I. M. D. O., Evans, K., & Santos, M. S. D. A. (2004). Characterisation of potato cyst nematode populations from Portugal. Nematology, 6(1), 55-58.
Davis, E. L., & Tylka, G. L. (2024). Symptoms and Signs. Phytopathology News.
Desaeger, J., Wram, C., & Zasada, I. (2020). New reduced-risk agricultural nematicides—Rationale and review. Journal of Nematology, 52, e2020-101. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-101
Dimkpa, S. O., Lahari, Z., Shrestha, R., Douglas, A., Gheysen, G., & Price, A. H. (2016). A genome-wide association study of a global rice panel reveals resistance in Oryza sativa to root-knot nematodes. Journal of experimental botany, 67(4), 1191-1200.
Duncan, L. W. (2009). Managing nematodes in citrus orchards. Integrated management of fruit crops nematodes, 135-174.
Dutta, T. K., Banakar, P., & Rao, U. (2015). The status of RNAi-based transgenic research against plant parasitic nematodes in plants. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00760
Ebony, L. A., Kovaleski, M., & Deuner, C. C. (2019). Nematicides: history, mode, and mechanism action. Plant Science Today, 6(2), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.468
Ellenby, C. (1952). Resistance to the potato root eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber. Nature, 170(4337), 1016-1016.
Elling, A. A. (2013). Major emerging problems with minor Meloidogyne species. Phytopathology, 103(11), 1092-1102.
Evans, K., & Stone, A. R. (1977). A review of the distribution and biology of the potato cyst-nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Pans, 23(2), 178-189.
Faske, T.R.; Brown, K.; Emerson, M. Toxicity of tioxazafen to Meloidogyne incognita. In Proceedings of the Program & Abstracts, 58th Annual Meeting Society of Nematologists, Raleigh, NC, USA, 7–10 July 2019; p. 93.
Gheysen, G., & Vanholme, B. (2007). RNAi from plants to nematodes. Trends in Biotechnology, 25(3), 89–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.01.004
Giebel, J. (1982). Mechanism of resistance to plant nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 20(1), 257-279.
Goss, C. R., (2008). Plant parasite nematode of coffee; (1st ed.). springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8720-2.
Granek, I. (1955). Additional morphological differences between the cysts of Heterodera rostochieruis and Heterodera tabacum.
Guan, R., Su, J., Meng, X., Li, S., Liu, Y., Xu, J., et al. (2015). Multilayered regulation of ethylene induction plays a positive role in Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Physiol. 169 (1), 299–312.
Haegeman, A., Elsen, A., De Waele, D., & Gheysen, G. (2010). Emerging molecular knowledge on Radopholus similis, an important nematode pest of banana. Molecular plant pathology, 11(3), 315.
Hague, N. G., & Pain, B. F. (1973). The effect of organophosphorus compounds and oxime carbamates on the potato cyst nematode Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. Pesticide Science, 4(4), 459-465.
Hajihassani, A.; Davis, R.F.; Timper, P. Evaluation of selected non fumigant nematicides on increasing inoculation densities of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber. Plant Dis. 2019, 103, 3161–3165.
Hua, C., Li, C., Jiang, Y., Huang, M., Williamson, V. M., & Wang, C. (2020). Response of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) to gradients of pH and inorganic salts. Plant and Soil, 455, 305-318.
Huang, Y., Guo, Y., Huang, Y., & Guo, Y. (2022). Morphology of Free-Living Nematode. Free-living Marine Nematodes from the East China Sea, 7-15.
Hui, F. E. N. G., Feng, Z. H. U., Xiu-hu, L. E., De-dao, J. I. N. G., DALY, P., Dong-mei, Z. H. O. U., & Li-hui, W. E. I. (2023). Resistance analysis of the rice variety huaidao 5 against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22(10), 3081-3089.
Hussain, M., Zouhar, M., & Rysanek, P. (2017). Comparison between biological and chemical management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.205.210
Ibrahim, D., Ali, A., & Metwaly, H. (2019). Bio-management of citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and dry root rot fungi, Fusarium solani under laboratory and field conditions. Egyptian Journal of Agronematology, 18(2), 118-128. in nematology. Journal of Nematology, 25(4S), 719.
Jain, R., Mahajan, P., & Saini, M. (2021). CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in plants: Progress and perspectives. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 20(1), 1–11.
Jones, J. T., Haegeman, A., Danchin, E. G. J., Gaur, H. S., Helder, J., Jones, M. G. K., … Perry, R. N. (2013). Top 10 plant‐ parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(9), 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12057
Jones, M. G. K., & Fosu‐Nyarko, J. (2014). Molecular biology of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) and their interaction with host plants. Annals of Applied Biology, 164(2), 163-181.
Kafle, A. (2013). Evaluation of Antagonistic Plant Materials to Control Southern Root Knot Nematode in Tomato. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 14, 78-86. https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v14i0.19788
Khabbaz, S.E., Ladhalakshmi, D., Babu, M., Kandan, A., Ramamoorthy, V., Saravanakumar, D., Al-Mughrabi, T., & Kandasamy, S. (2019). Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) - A Versatile Tool for Plant Health Management. Canadian Journal of Pesticides & Pest Management.
Khan, A., Chen, S., Fatima, S., Ahamad, L., & Siddiqui, M. A. (2023). Biotechnological tools to elucidate the mechanism of plant and nematode interactions. Plants, 12(12), 2387.
Knox, J., Burns, A. R., Cooke, B., Cammalleri, S. R., Kitner, M., Ching, J., ... & Roy, P. (2023). Diverse Plant-Parasitic Nematodes are Selectively Killed by Oxadiazole Thioether Pro-Nematicides. bioRxiv, 2023-09.
Koppenhöfer, Albrecht M. “Nematodes.” Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology: application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. 249-264.
Kumar, Y., & Yadav, B. C. (2020). Plant-parasitic nematodes: Nature’s most successful plant parasite. International journal of research and review, 7(3), 379-386.
Kyndt, T., Fernandez, D., & Gheysen, G. (2014). Plant-parasitic nematode infections in rice: molecular and cellular insights. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 52, 135-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-050111
Lahlali, R., Laasli, S., Ezrari, S., Belabess, Z., & Lahlali, R. (2024). Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Microbe Interactions: A Biological Control Perspective (pp. 89–126). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52557-5_4
Lambert, K., & Bekal, S. (2002). Introduction to plant-parasitic nematodes. The plant Health
LaMondia, J. A. (2021). Management of Lesion and Dagger Nematodes with Rotation Crops. Nematropica, 51(1), 9-16.
Liang, C. C., Tzeng, Y. P., & Chen, P. C. (2023). First Report of a Root Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) on Cassava in Taiwan. Plant Disease, 107(7), 2264.
Lopez-Nicora, H. D., Mekete, T., Taylor, N. J., & Niblack, T. L. (2012). First report of lesion nematode (Pratylenchus vulnus) on Boxwood in Ohio. Plant Disease, 96(9), 1385-1385.
Luc, M., Sikora, R. A., & Bridge, J. (2005). Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture (2nd ed.). CABI Publishing.
Maggenti, A. R. (2020). General nematode morphology. In Manual of agricultural nematology (pp. 3-46).
Maggenti, A., & Allen, M. (1959). Nematode structure and life: A wide range of life habits requires a combination of characters for the identification of parasites classified among nematodes. California Agriculture, 13(9), 5-12.
Maheshwari, D.K., Shukla, S.D., Aeron, A., Kumar, T., Jha, C.K., Patel, D., Saraf, M., & Wahla, V. (2013). Rhizobacteria for Management of Nematode Disease in Plants.
Maleita, C., Esteves, I., Ciancio, A., & Oka, Y. (2023). Sustainable strategies for the management of phytoparasitic nematodes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1148261.
Maleita, C., Esteves, I., Ciancio, A., & Oka, Y. (2023). Sustainable strategies for the management of phytoparasitic nematodes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1148261.
Mandal, H. R., Katel, S., Subedi, S., & Shrestha, J. (2021). Plant parasitic nematodes and their management in crop production: a review. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 4(2), 327-338.
Mandal, H. R., Katel, S., Subedi, S., & Shrestha, J. (2021). Plant Parasitic Nematodes and their management in crop production: a review. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 4(2), 327-338.
Mandal, Honey Raj “Plant Parasitic Nematodes and their management in crop production: a review.” Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4.2 (2021): 327-338.
Mantelin, S., Bhattarai, K. K., Jhaveri, T. Z., & Kaloshian, I. (2013). Mi-1-mediated resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in tomato may not rely on ethylene but hormone perception through ETR3 participates in limiting nematode infection in a susceptible host. PloS one, 8(5), e63281.
Meyer, S. L., & Roberts, D. P. (2002). Combinations of biocontrol agents for management of plant-parasitic nematodes and soilborne plant-pathogenic fungi. Journal of nematology, 34(1), 1.
Miliūtė, I., Buzaitė, O., Baniulis, D., & Stanys, V. (2015). Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review.
Nasir, J., Ali, R., Saifullah, & Din, H. U. (2021). Incidence of citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb in citrus growing areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and its organic management. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 54(17-18), 1421-1435.
Nguyen, H. T., Mantelin, S., Ha, C. V., Lorieux, M., Jones, J. T., Mai, C. D., & Bellafiore, S. (2022). Insights into the genetics of the Zhonghua 11 resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola and its molecular determinism in rice. Frontiers in plant science, 13, 854961.
Nicol, J. M., Turner, S. J., Coyne, D. L., Nijs, L. D., Hockland, S., & Tahna Maafi, Z. (2011). Current nematode threats to world agriculture. In J. Jones, G. Gheysen, & C. Fenoll (Eds.), Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions (pp. 21–43). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_2
Nurul Hafiza, A. A. R., Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker, M. M. K., & Nashriyah Mat, N. M. (2016). Occurrence and control of root knot nematode in crops: a review.
Nyarko, J., & Jones, M. G. (2015). Application of biotechnology for nematode control in
O’bannon, J. H., Reynolds, H. W., & Leathers, C. R. (1967). Effects of temperature on penetration, development, and reproduction of Tylenchulus semipenetrans.
Oliveira, C. M. G. D., Monteiro, A. R., & Blok, V. C. (2011). Morphological and molecular diagnostics for plant-parasitic nematodes: working together to get the identification done. Tropical Plant Pathology, 36, 65-73.
Ortega, A., Pérez, S., & Martínez, J. (2020). Spiral nematodes: Biology and impact on banana crops. Crop Protection, 134, 105180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105180
Peng, D., Jiang, R., Peng, H., & Liu, S. (2021). Soybean cyst nematodes: a destructive threat to soybean production in China. Phytopathology Research, 3(1), 19.
Pokhare, S. S., Mhatre, P. H., Manjunatha, N., Patil, D. T., & Agarrwal, R. (2024). Fungal Biocontrol Agents for Nematode Management in Organic Agriculture (pp. 183–206). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52557-5_7
Pokharel, R. R., Abawi, G. S., Zhang, N., Duxbury, J. M., & Smart, C. D. (2007). Characterization of isolates of Meloidogyne from rice-wheat production fields in Nepal. Journal of nematology, 39(3), 221-230.
Qiao, W., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Shi, M., Wu, J., & Li, H. (2023). First Report of the Root-Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) Parasitizing Oats in Gansu Province, China. Plant Disease, 107(9), 2889.
Quénéhervé, P., Fouré, E., & Araya, M. (2006). Spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus spp.) associated with banana and plantain: Diagnosis and management. Nematology, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854106775187435
Radhakrishnan, R., Hashem, A., & Abd_Allah, E.F. (2017). Bacillus: A Biological Tool for Crop Improvement through Bio-Molecular Changes in Adverse Environments. Frontiers in Physiology, 8.
Ralmi, N. H. A. A., Khandaker, M. M., & Mat, N. (2016). Occurrence and control of root-knot nematode in crops: a review. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 11(12), 1649.
review. International Journal of Nematology, 25(2), 208-214.
Rich, J. R., & Olson, S. M. (1999). Utility of Mi gene resistance in tomato to manage Meloidogyne javanica in North Florida. Journal of Nematology, 31(4S), 715.
Roderick, H. L., Jones, J. T., & Gheysen, G. (2012). Functional analysis of plant parasitic nematode genes. Nematology, 14(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854112X626152
Rønn R, Vestergård M, Ekelund F. 2012. Interactions between bacteria, protozoa, and nematodes in soil. Acta Protozoologica 51: 223–235.
S Brenner, The genetics of caenorhabditid, Genetics, Volume 77, Issue 1, 1 May 1974, Pages 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/77.1.71
Sandhi, R. K., Briar, S. S., & Reddy, G. V. P. (2024). Recent Advancements in the Use of Entomopathogens and Nematophagous Mites for the Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes (pp. 151–182). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52557-5_6
Sasser, J. N., & Freckman, D. W. (1987). A world perspective on nematology: the role of the society.
Schmitt, D. P., & Sipes, B. S. (1998). Plant-parasitic nematodes and their management.
Schmitt, D. P., & Sipes, B. S. (2000). Plant-parasitic nematodes and their management. Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii’s Soils. Approaches for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture J. A. Silva and R. Uchida, (eds.). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Pp. 145-149.
Schumacher, L. A., Grabau, Z. J., Wright, D. L., Small, I. M., & Liao, H. L. (2022). Effects of grass-based crop rotation, nematicide, and irrigation on the nematode community in cotton. Journal of Nematology, 54(1).
Shah, A. A., & Mir, R. A. (2015). Role of DNA-based markers in nematode taxonomy: a
Shah, M. M., & Mahamood, M. (2017). Introductory chapter: nematodes- a lesser-known group of organisms. Nematology- Concepts, Diagnosis, and Control, 1.
Sharma-Poudyal, D., Pokharel, R. R., Shrestha, S. M., & Khatri-Chhetri, G. B. (2004). Evaluation of common Nepalese rice cultivars against rice root-knot nematode. Nepal Agricultural Research Journal, 5, 33-36.
Shepherd, R. L., & Huck, M. G. (1989). Progression of root-knot nematode symptoms and infection on resistant and susceptible cotton. Journal of Nematology, 21(2), 235.
Sikder, M. M., & Vestergård, M. (2020). Impacts of root metabolites on soil nematodes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1-18. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpls.2019.01792
Singh, S. K., Hodda, M., Ash, G. J., & Banks, N. C. (2013). Plant‐parasitic nematodes as invasive species: characteristics, uncertainty and biosecurity implications. Annals of Applied Biology, 163(3), 323-350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12065
Singh, S., Kumar, R., & Singh, H. (2019). Plant-parasitic nematodes and their management in crops. International Journal of Pest Management, 65(3), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2018.1461759
Singh, S., Singh, B., & Singh, A. P. (2015). Nematodes: a threat to the sustainability of agriculture. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 29, 215-216
Singh, T., Prajapati, A., Maru, A. K., Chaudhary, R., & Patel, D. J. (2019). Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Infecting Pomegranate: A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 40(4).
Sipes, B. S., Schmitt, D. P., & Nelson, S. C. (2001). Burrowing nematode, a major pest in the tropics.
Stirling, G. R., Stirling, A. M., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Ye, W., Porazinska, D. L., Nobbs, J. M., & Johnston, K. J. (2013). Distribution of southern sting nematode, Ibiporalolii (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae), on turfgrass in Australia and its taxonomic relationship to other belonolaimids. Nematology, 15(4), 401-415.
Sullivan, M. J., Inserra, R. N., Franco, J., Moreno-Leheude, I., & Greco, N. (2007). Potato cyst nematodes: plant host status and their regulatory impact. Nematropica, 193-202.
Tamilarasan, S., & Rajam, M. V. (2014). Engineering crop plants for nematode resistance through host-derived RNA interference. Cell Dev Biol, 2(2), 2-7.
Timper, P. (2014). Utilization of biological control for managing plant-parasitic nematodes. In Biological Control (Vol. 69, pp. 10–17). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.10.014
Thakur, R. K., & Shirkot, P. (2017). Potential of biogold nanoparticles to control plant pathogenic nematodes. J Bioanal Biomed, 9(4), 220-222.
Topalović O, Bredenbruch S, Schleker ASS, Heuer H. 2020. Microbes attaching to endoparasitic phytonematodes in soil trigger plant defense upon root penetration by the nematode. Frontiers in Plant Science 11: 138.
Torres-López, J., Alcasio-Rangel, S., López-Buenfil, J. A., Tovar-Pedraza, J. M., & Rosas-Hernández, L. (2024). Detection and molecular characterization of Tylenchulus semipenetrans infecting Persian lime in Mexico. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 19(1), 6.
Townshend, J. L., & Stobbs, L. (1981). Histopathology and histochemistry of lesions caused by Pratylenchus penetrans in roots of forage legumes. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 3(3), 123-128.
Trizelia, T. T., Winarto, W., Rusli, R., Tama, D. P., Barokah, H., & Andini, F. Y. (2023). Control of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) using Antagonist Fungi. JERAMI: Indonesian Journal of Crop Science, 6(1), 7-13.
Tsegay, M. W., Wallau, M. O., Liu, C., Dubeux Jr, J. C., & Grabau, Z. J. (2024). Crop rotation for management of plant‐parasitic nematodes in forage corn production. Agronomy Journal, 116(1), 313-325.
Turner, S. J., & Subbotin, S. A. (2006). Cyst nematodes. Plant nematology, 91-122.
Van den Berg, E., Marais, M., & Swart, A. (2017). Nematode morphology and classification. Nematology in South Africa: a view from the 21st century, 33-71.
Varandas, R., Egas, C., & Conceição, I. L. (2020). Potato cyst nematodes: New solutions to an old problem. Crop protection, 137, 105303.
Verdejo-Lucas, S., and M. V. McKenry. “Management of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans.” Journal of nematology 36.4 (2004): 424.
Xia, Y. H., Li, J., Sun, M. R., Lei, B., Li, H. L., Li, Y., & Wang, K. (2022). Identification and pathogenicity of Pratylenchus scribneri on tomato in Sichuan Province of People’s Republic of China. Journal of Helminthology, 96, e5.
Yadav, H., Roberts, P. A., & Lopez-Arredondo, D. (2025). Combating Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.): From Molecular Mechanisms to Resistant Crops. Plants, 14(9), 1321.
Yang, S. H., Zhao, L. R., Sha, D. I. N. G., Tang, S. Q., Chun, C. H. E. N., Zhang, H. X., ... & Hui, X. I. E. (2022). Study on burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, pathogenicity test system in tobacco as host. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(9), 2652-2664.
Young, L. D. (1998). Heterodera glycines populations selected for reproduction on Hartwig soybean. J Nematol, 30, 523.
Zhou, C., Hu, Y., Han, Y., Chen, G., Liu, B., Yu, J., ... & Wei, J. (2024). Resistance Analysis of a Soybean Cultivar, Nongqing 28 against Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe 1952. Agronomy, 14(9), 1964.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
