Comparative Analysis of Green Extraction Techniques for Functional Ingredients from Cereal Wastes: A Sustainability Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i12.4286-4307.8024Keywords:
Cereal by-products, Functional Food, green extraction, Circular economy, waste valorization, sustainable productionAbstract
Cereal processing produces a significant amount of lignocellulosic waste as by-products such as bran, husks, and germ fractions that are commonly discarded or consumed for low value but contains a number of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial and health promoting activities. Under these circumstances, cereal wastes, due to their natural functionality and availability, also become a promising source towards promoting sustainable innovations that are particularly efficacious to provide economic incentives in agri-food systems as well as in food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. This review evaluates an eco-friendly extraction for the recovery of bioactive compounds in cereal-processing by-products and critically evaluates its performance in terms of sustainability. Various green extraction techniques were compared in terms of yield, selectivity, extraction time and solvent volume usage, energy input and environmental impact. These involve novel physical and biochemical methods that work under less severe conditions compared to traditional solvent-based methods. Results indicate that some methods allow fast and low-energy-consuming extraction of thermally labile constituents with little degradation, while some are especially selective and good for recovery of individual substances. Yet, the practical complexity, scalable constituting reactions and the stability of the compounds are at trade-offs. The study demonstrates that there is no universal extraction methodology and that the selection depends on the final product requirements and potential resources. It highlights the technical efficiency and environmental benefits and the cereal waste can be turned in high added-value ingredient by circular bioeconomy approach. In conclusion, it believes the green extraction is an advantageous method to improve the efficiency resource as well as a special way to decrease waste in the products and enhance sustainable production.
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