Epigenetic Effects of Sublethal Insecticide Exposure in Insects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i12.4325-4337.8289Keywords:
Epigenetics, Sublethal exposure, Insecticide resistance, Hormesis, Transgenerational inheritanceAbstract
Widespread insecticide use has led to the evolution of resistance in numerous insect pests. Sublethal exposures play a significant, yet often underestimated, role in driving adaptive responses by inducing a wide range of physiological and behavioral alterations. This review integrates current insights into how sublethal and low-dose insecticide exposures induce epigenetic modifications in insects and examines the functional implications of these changes. Emerging evidence suggests that such exposures induce a spectrum of epigenetic alterations, including shifts in DNA methylation patterns; for example, foundational work in Myzus persicae Sulzer demonstrated that demethylating an amplified esterase gene was directly linked to lost insecticide resistance. Exposures also trigger various post-translational histone modifications, as seen in pollinators like Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), where histone acetylation changes following neonicotinoid exposure modulate the expression of critical detoxification and immune genes. Moreover, insecticides influence the regulatory activity of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), with specific microRNAs shown to repress the translation of key metabolic resistance genes. These molecular changes serve as a dynamic regulatory layer modulating the expression of genes involved in detoxification pathways, target site sensitivity, and broader stress resilience, thereby contributing to hormesis and the emergence of insecticide tolerance. Furthermore, these insecticide-induced epigenetic imprints can be heritable, providing a potent mechanism for transgenerational inheritance and highlighting the potential for epigenetic priming to accelerate resistance within pest populations. A deeper understanding of these non-Mendelian inheritance processes is thus indispensable for developing sustainable insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies and for optimizing ecological risk assessments that more accurately reflect the subtle yet consequential effects on both target and non-target insect species.
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