Havadaki Silisyum Kirliliğinin Değişiminin İzlenmesi ve Kirliliğin Azaltılmasında Pseudotsuga menziesii’nin Kullanılabilirliği

Ramazan Erdem

doi:10.24925/turjaf.v14i9.2418-2423.8515

Authors

Ramazan Erdem Kastamonu Universitesi, Arac Rafet Vergili Yüksek Okulu, Ormancılık Bölümü, Ormancılık ve Orman Ürünleri Programı, 37800 Kastamonu, Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5243-5685

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v14i9.2418-2423.8515

Keywords:

Biomonitor, Silicon, Phytoremediation, Heavy metal, Pseudotsuga menziesii

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution has become a global problem that has been steadily increasing over the last century due to developments in the industrial sector, posing a significant threat to human health. Monitoring changes in airborne heavy metal pollution is of great importance due to its significance for human health. Silicon (Si) is used intensively in urban areas, particularly in construction activities. As a result, its concentration in the air is constantly increasing. Moreover, Si is one of the elements that pose a threat to human health. Therefore, monitoring and reducing changes in atmospheric Si pollution is of great importance. This study aimed to determine the usability of Pseudotsuga menziesii, which is intensively cultivated in urban areas where heavy metal pollution can be high, for monitoring and reducing changes in atmospheric Si pollution. Within the scope of the study, the changes in Si concentration in the trunk sections of Pseudotsuga menziesii grown in Düzce, one of the five most polluted cities in Europe according to 2021 data, were evaluated based on organ (outer bark, inner bark, and wood), direction, and age range over the last 60 years. The results showed that Si concentrations in the outer bark were quite high and that Si could be transferred within Pseudotsuga menziesii wood. According to these results, Pseudotsuga menziesii is not a suitable biomonitor for monitoring changes in Si pollution. However, it has been determined that it is a suitable species for use in reducing pollution, particularly because it can accumulate high levels of Si in its woody parts.

References

Aricak, B., Canturk, U., Koc, I., Erdem, R., Sevik, H. (2024). Shifts That May Appear in Climate Classifications in Bursa Due to Global Climate Change, Forestist. 74, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.5152/ forestist.2024.23074

Bayraktar, O. Y., Özel, H. B., Benli, A., Yılmazoğlu, M. U., Türkel, İ., Dal, B. B., Şevik, H. & Kaplan, G. (2024). Sustainable foam concrete development: Enhancing durability and performance through pine cone powder and fly ash incorporation in alkali-activated geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials, 457, 139422.

Canturk, U., Koç, İ., Ozel, H. B., & Sevik, H. (2024). Identification of proper species that can be used to monitor and decrease airborne Sb pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(44), 56056-56066.

Cantürk, U., Koç, İ., Özel, H. B., & Şevik, H. (2024). Possible changes of Pinus nigra distribution regions in Türkiye with the impacts of global climate change. BioResources, 19(3), 6190-6214

Cobanoglu, H., Sevik, H., & Koç, İ. (2023). Do annual rings really reveal Cd, Ni, and Zn pollution in the air related to traffic density? An example of the cedar tree. Water, Air, & Soil pollution, 234(2), 65.

Çobanoglu, H., Canturk, U., Koç, İ., Kulaç, Ş., & Sevik, H. (2023). Climate change effect on potential distribution of anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in the Upcoming Century in Türkiye. Forestist, 73(3), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.5152/forestist.2023. 22065.

Demir, T., Mutlu, E., & Gültepe, N. (2024). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Capoeta tinca fish and health risk assessment. Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria, 34(2). 1-10

Demir, T., Mutlu, E., Aydın, S., & Gültepe, N. (2021). Physicochemical water quality of Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks and blood biochemical parameters of Barbus plebejus fish: assessment of heavy metal concentrations for potential health risks. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 1-15.

Demirci, H., Sevik, H., Koc, I., Ucun Ozel, H., Erdem, R., Adiguzel, F., Imren, E. & Ozel, H. B. (2026). Organ-Based Accumulation, Translocation, and Associated Health Risk of Al, Ni, and Zn in Tomatoes, Peppers, Eggplants, Cucumbers, and Corn from an Industrial Zone in Düzce, Türkiye. Foods, 15(2), 196.

Emin, N., & Mutlu, E. (2024). Akgöl Gölet Havzasının (Sinop-Ayancık) Su Kalitesinin Yerinde Analizlerle Tespiti ve Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 243-252.

Erdem, R., Aricak, B., Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2023b). Change in some heavy metal concentrations in forest trees by species, organ, and soil depth. Forestist, 73(3), 257-263.

Erdem, R., Çetin, M., Arıcak, B., & Sevik, H. (2023a). The change of the concentrations of boron and sodium in some forest soils depending on plant species. Forestist, 73(2), 207-212.

Erdem, R., Koç, İ., Çobanoğlu, H., & Şevik, H. (2024). Variation of magnesium, one of the macronutrients, in some trees based on organs and species. Forestist, 74(1), 84-93.

Ertürk, N., Arıcak, B., Yiğit, N., & Sevik, H. (2024). Potential changes in the suitable distribution areas of Fagus orientalis lipsky in kastamonu due to global climate change. Forestist, 74, 159-165. doi:10.5152/ forestist.2024.23024.

Ghoma, W. E. O., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2023). Comparison of the rate of certain trace metals accumulation in indoor plants for smoking and non-smoking areas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-9.

Guney, D., Koc, I., Isinkaralar, K., & Erdem, R. (2023). Variation in Pb and Zn concentrations in different species of trees and shrubs and their organs depending on traffic density. Baltic Forestry, 29(2), id661-id661.

Guney, K., Cetin, M., Sevik, H., & Güney, K. B. (2016). Effects of Some Hormone Applications on Germination and Morphological Characters of Endangered Plant. New Challenges in Seed Biology: Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology, 97.

Gültekin, Y., Kılıç Bayraktar, M., Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Bayraktar, T. (2025) Optimal Vegetable Selection in Urban and Rural Areas Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm: Heavy Metal Assessment and Health Risk, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.107169

Hrivnák, M., Krajmerová, D., Paule, L., Zhelev, P., Sevik, H., Ivanković, M., Goginashvili, N., Paule, J., Gömöry, D. (2024). Are there hybrid zones in Fagus sylvatica L. sensu lato?. Eur J Forest Res 143, 451–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-023-01634-0

Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O., Koç, İ., Özel, H. B., & Şevik, H. (2024a). Assessing the possibility of airborne bismuth accumulation and spatial distribution in an urban area by tree bark: A case study in Düzce, Türkiye. Biomass conversion and biorefinery, 14(18), 22561-22572.

Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O., Koç, İ., Şevik, H., & Özel, H. B. (2025b). Atmospheric Trace Metal Exposure in a 60-Year-Old Wood: A Sustainable Methodological Approach to Measurement of Dry Deposition. International Journal of Environmental Research, 19(4), 1-14.

Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O., Özel, H. B., & Şevik, H. (2024b). A Comparative Study About Physical Properties of Copper Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Fagus orientalis L. as Bioindicator. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 235(11), 738.

Isinkaralar, O., Isinkaralar, K., & Sevik, H. (2025a). Health for the future: spatiotemporal CA-MC modeling and spatial pattern prediction via dendrochronological approach for nickel and lead deposition. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 1-13.

Ismail M. D. Koç, I., Erdem, R., Çobanoğlu, H., & Sevik, H. (2026). Variations in Ba concentrations over time in regions with elevated air pollution, Forestist, 76: 1-6

Kaplan, G., Bayraktar, O. Y., & Bayraktar, T. (2023). Optimization of without SCM concrete exposed to seawater according to minimum cost and CO2 emissions: Sustainable design with ABC algorithm. Materials Today Communications, 35, 105657.

Key, K., Kulaç, Ş., Koç, İ., & Sevik, H. (2023). Proof of concept to characterize historical heavy-metal concentrations in atmosphere in North Turkey: determining the variations of Ni, Co, and Mn concentrations in 180-year-old Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut) annual rings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 45(10), 120.

Koc, I., Canturk, U., Isinkaralar, K., Ozel, H. B., & Sevik, H. (2024b). Assessment of metals (Ni, Ba) deposition in plant types and their organs at Mersin City, Türkiye. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(3), 282.

Koc, I., Cobanoglu, H., Canturk, U., Key, K., Kulac, S., & Sevik, H. (2024a). Change of Cr concentration from past to present in areas with elevated air pollution. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 21(2), 2059-2070.

Koc, I., Cobanoglu, H., Canturk, U., Key, K., Sevik, H., & Kulac, S. (2025a). Variation of 40-year Pb deposition in some conifers grown in the air-polluted-urban area of Düzce, Türkiye. Environmental Earth Sciences, 84(7), 186.

Koc, İ., Canturk, U., Cobanoglu, H., Kulac, S., Key, K., & Sevik, H. (2025b). Assessment of 40-year Al Deposition in some Exotic Conifer Species in the Urban Air of Düzce, Türkiye. Water Air Soil Pollut 236, 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07723-z

Koç, İ. (2025). Chronological Levels of As, Pd, V, and Sr in 356-year-old Pinus nigra Annual Rings in Northern Türkiye. BioResources, 20(1), 2215-2233

Koç, İ., Çobanoğlu, H., Erdem, R., & Şevik, H. (2026a). Variations in a few macronutrient elements depending on the period in black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) wood. Forestist, 76, 0037, doi: 10.5152/forestist.2026.24037

Koç, İ., Sevik, H., Nechita, C., Canturk, U., Iordache, A. M., & Camarero, J. J. (2026b). Selenium bioaccumulation in industrialized urban forests: case study of five tree species used for phytoremediation. Urban Ecosystems, 29(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-026-01935-3

Kravkaz-Kuscu, I. S., Sariyildiz, T., Cetin, M., Yigit, N., Sevik, H., & Savaci, G. (2018). Evaluation of the soil properties and primary forest tree species in Taskopru (Kastamonu) district. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(3), 1613-1617.

Kulac, S., Pulatoglu, A.O., Koç, İ., Sevik, H., & Ozel, H. B. (2025). Assessing Tree Species for Monitoring and Mitigating Strontium Pollution in Urban Environments. Water Air Soil Pollut 236, 605 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-08244-z

Kurz, M., Koelz, A., Gorges, J., Carmona, B. P., Brang, P., Vitasse, Y., ... & Csillery, K. (2023). Tracing the origin of Oriental beech stands across Western Europe and reporting hybridization with European beech–Implications for assisted gene flow. Forest Ecology and Management, 531, 120801.

Kuzmina, N., Menshchikov, S., Mohnachev, P., Zavyalov, K., Petrova, I., Ozel, H. B., Aricak, B., Onat, S. M., & Sevik, H. (2023). Change of aluminum concentrations in specific plants by species, organ, washing, and traffic density, BioResources 18(1), 792-803.

Lazzerini, F. T., & Bonotto, D. M. (2014). The silicon in Brazilian groundwater, Ciência e Natura, Santa Maria, 36(2), 159-168.

Miller, S. A., Horvath, A., & Monteiro, P. J. (2018). Impacts of booming concrete production on water resources worldwide. Nature Sustainability, 1(1), 69-76.

Mutlu, E., & Aydın Uncumusaoglu, A. (2024). Research on Water Quality for Evaluation Using the Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Approach of Evrenye Stream (Kastamonu, Türkiye). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/192355

Özel, H. B., Şevik, H., Yıldız, Y., & Çobanoğlu, H. (2024). Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis) Seeds. BioResources, 19(2). 2135-2148.

Sahin, S., Ozel, H. B., Sevik, H., & Erdem, R. (2025). Monitoring the change of silicon pollution in air and usability of Tilia tomentosa in reducing pollution. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 26(01), 2988-2996

Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozturk, A., Ozel, H. B., & Pinar, B. (2019). Changes in Pb, Cr and Cu concentrations in some bioindicators depending on traffic density on the basis of species and organs. Applied Ecology And Environmental Research 17(6):12843-12857

Sevik, H., Çetin, M., & Kapucu, O. (2016). Effect of light on young structures of Turkish fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana). Oxidation Communications, 39(1), 485-492.

Sevik, H., Ozel, H. U., Yildiz, Y., & Ozel, H. B. (2025). Effects of Adding Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles to Soil on Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Oriental Beech. BioResources, 20(1), 70-82.

Sevik, H., Yahyaoglu, Z., & Turna, I. (2012). Determination of genetic variation between populations of Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf according to some seed characteristics, genetic diversity in plants. Chapter, 12, 231-248.

Şevik, H., Yildiz, Y., Ozel, H.B. (2024). Phytoremediation and Long-term Metal Uptake Monitoring of Silver, Selenium, Antimony, and Thallium by Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold)”, BioResources, 19(3). 4824-4837.

Şimşek, A., & Mutlu, E. (2023). Assessment of the water quality of Bartın Kışla (Kozcağız) Dam by using geographical information system (GIS) and water quality indices (WQI). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(20), 58796-58812.

Tandogan, M., Özel, H. B., Gözet, F. T., & Şevik, H. (2023). Determining the taxol contents of yew tree populations in western Black Sea and Marmara regions and analyzing some forest stand characteristics, BioResources 18(2), 3496-3508.

Tokatli, C., Mutlu, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Islam, A. R. T., & Muhammad, S. (2024). Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Türkiye), Black Sea Region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(5), 420.

Topacoglu, O., Sevik, H., Guney, K., Unal, C., Akkuzu, E., & Sivacioglu, A. (2016). Effect of rooting hormones on the rooting capability of Ficus benjamina L. cuttings. Šumarski list, 140(1-2), 39-44.

Turna, İ., Kulaç, Ş., Güney, D., & Seyis, E. (2013). Boylu maviyemiş (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)’in çelikle üretilmesinde hormon ve ortamın etkisi. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 9(2), 93-104.

Türkel, İ., Özkan, İ. G. M., Baltaoğlu, E., Benli, A., Bayraktar, O. Y., Özel, H. B., Şevik, H. & Kaplan, G. (2025). Enhancing thermal insulation, mechanical strength, and durability of one-part fly ash-based geopolymer foam concrete using lime and mahogany sawdust. Construction and Building Materials, 491, 142656.

URL-1. https://bilimgenc.tubitak.gov.tr/periyodik-tablo/silisyum

Yaşar İsmail, T. S., İsmail, M. D., Çobanoğlu, H., Koç, İ., & Sevik, H. (2025). Monitoring arsenic concentrations in airborne particulates of selected landscape plants and their potential for pollution mitigation. Forestist, 75, 1-6, https://doi.org/10.5152/forestist.2024.24071

Yigit, N., Mutevelli, Z., Sevik, H., Onat, S.M., Ozel, H.B., Cetin, M., Olgun, C. (2021). Identification of Some Fiber Characteristics in Rosa sp. and Nerium oleander L. Wood Grown under Different Ecological Conditions. BioResources, 16(3), 5862-5874. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.7015-7024