Removal of Eriochrome Black T from Aqueous Solutions Using Double Cross Linked Chitosan/Starch Biocomposite Beads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v14i7.1779-1791.8597Keywords:
Chitosan, Starch, EBT, Azo dyes, Adsorption, BiosorptionAbstract
Synthetic dyes, with an annual waste volume of 280,000 tons worldwide, are a leading source of water pollutants. Azo dyes, including Eriochrome Black T (EBT), in particular, cause difficult-to-repair environmental problems due to their high water solubility and resistance to degradation, while also posing a significant threat to human health. Chitosan and starch are among the most common biopolymers worldwide after cellulose, and both are known to have significant potential for use in many areas. In addition to their potential for use, these biopolymers possess unique properties such as low cost, biodegradability, the ability to produce large quantities with simple processes, and non-toxicity. When used together, their combined properties can yield significantly higher performance. In this study, double-crosslinked chitosan/starch biocomposite (CS/St) beads were synthesized using epichlorohydrin (ECH) and sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) crosslinkers and characterized using DSC, XRD, and FTIR techniques. Subsequently, the biosorption performance of the synthesized biocomposite beads for the EBT azo dye was evaluated. The effects of pH, adsorbent amount, initial concentration, and contact time on biosorption were investigated, and the obtained experimental data were evaluated using isotherm and kinetic models, and the biosorption mechanism was explained in detail. Biosorption studies revealed that the optimum conditions for EBT removal were pH 6 and 100 mg adsorbent, providing approximately 95% removal efficiency. Isotherm and kinetic modeling indicated that the adsorption process followed the Freundlich model, suggesting multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. The mechanism was a multistage adsorption process, dominated by chemical interaction and compatible with PSO kinetics.
References
Agarwala, R., & Mulky, L. (2023). Adsorption of Dyes from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review. ChemBioEng Reviews, 10(3), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202200011
Akin, M. B., Sari, M., Eyupoglu, V., Çetintaş, H. İ., Tüzün, B., & Çetinkaya, S. (2025). Removal of safranin-O dye from wastewater samples using Kluyveromyces marxianus biomass: Experimental research and theoretical analysis. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 436, 128198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128198
Alghamdi, H. M., Mohammad, R. M., & Elwakeel, K. Z. (2024). Simultaneous Removal of Eriochrome Black T and Chromate Anions from Aqueous Solution Using Functionalized Hybrid Magnetic Polymers. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 32(12), 6522–6543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03397-0
Al-Ghouti, M. A., & Da’ana, D. A. (2020). Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 393, 122383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383
Al-Ghouti, M. A., & Dib, S. S. (2020). Utilization of nano-olive stones in environmental remediation of methylene blue from water. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-019-00438-y
Ali, M. E. A., Aboelfadl, M. M. S., Selim, A. M., Khalil, H. F., & Elkady, G. M. (2018). Chitosan nanoparticles extracted from shrimp shells, application for removal of Fe(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous phases. Separation Science and Technology, 53(18), 2870–2881. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1489845
Al-Wasidi, A. S., Abouelreash, Y. G., AlReshaidan, S., & Naglah, A. M. (2022). Application of Novel Modified Chitosan Hydrogel Composite for the Efficient Removal of Eriochrome Black T and Methylene Blue Dyes from Aqueous Media. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 32(3), 1142–1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-02168-x
Ardean, C., Davidescu, C. M., Nemeş, N. S., Negrea, A., Ciopec, M., Duteanu, N., Negrea, P., Duda-Seiman, D., & Musta, V. (2021). Factors influencing the antibacterial activity of chitosan and chitosan modified by functionalization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(14), 7449.
Atangana, E., Chiweshe, T. T., & Roberts, H. (2019). Modification of Novel Chitosan-Starch Cross-Linked Derivatives Polymers: Synthesis and Characterization. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27(5), 979–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01407-0
Ben Seghir, B., & Benhamza, M. H. (2017). Preparation, optimization and characterization of chitosan polymer from shrimp shells. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 11(3), 1137–1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9490-9
Benali, Y., Mabrouki, N., Agougui, H., Jabli, M., Majdoub, H., Predoi, D., Ciobanu, S., Iconaru, S. L., Ţălu, Ş., & Boughzala, K. (2024). A new porous composite hydroxyapatite/chitosan/microcrystalline-cellulose: Synthesis, characterization and application to the adsorption of Eriochrome Black T. Polymer Bulletin, 81(18), 16875–16902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05496-3
Bool, R. J. A., Luwalhati, G. C., Tan, N. E. Y., Aquino, A. P., & Maalihan, R. D. (2022). On the use of metal-organic framework-based adsorbent from recycled PET bottles for Eriochrome Black T removal. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022 International Conference on Materials and Sustainable Manufacturing Technology, 65, 3312–3320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.396
Carliell, C. M., Barclay, S. J., Shaw, C., Wheatley, A. D., & Buckley, C. A. (1998). The Effect of Salts Used in Textile Dyeing on Microbial Decolourisation of a Reactive Azo Dye. Environmental Technology, 19(11), 1133–1137. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593331908616772
Çaylak, O., Çetintaş, H. İ., Çelik, M. S., Kaya, N., Çetinkaya, S., Maslov, M. M., & Kaya, S. (2025). Illumination of biosorption of Allura Red on Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) plant: Equilibrium, kinetic, thermodynamic, and density functional theory–based analyses. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(8), 11701–11717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06154-4
Çelik, M. S., Çaylak, O., Kütük, N., Yenidünya, A. F., Çetinkaya, S., Maslov, M. M., & Kaya, S. (2025). Removal of lead ions (Pb2+) from aqueous solution using chitosan/starch composite material: Experimental and density functional theory findings. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(1), 1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05287-w
Chen, L., Zhu, Y., Cui, Y., Dai, R., Shan, Z., & Chen, H. (2021). Fabrication of starch-based high-performance adsorptive hydrogels using a novel effective pretreatment and adsorption for cationic methylene blue dye: Behavior and mechanism. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405, 126953.
De, I., Pahuja, M., ud din Wani, H. M., Dey, A., Dube, T., Ghosh, R., Kankan, N., Mishra, J., Panda, J. J., & Maruyama, T. (2022). In-vitro toxicity assessment of a textile dye Eriochrome Black T and its nano-photocatalytic degradation through an innovative approach using Mf-NGr-CNTs-SnO2 heterostructures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 243, 113985.
de Luna, M. D. G., Flores, E. D., Genuino, D. A. D., Futalan, C. M., & Wan, M.-W. (2013). Adsorption of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye using activated carbon prepared from waste rice hulls—Optimization, isotherm and kinetic studies. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44(4), 646–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.01.010
Debord, J., Harel, M., Bollinger, J.-C., & Chu, K. H. (2022). The Elovich isotherm equation: Back to the roots and new developments. Chemical Engineering Science, 262, 118012.
Fathima, J. B., Pugazhendhi, A., Oves, M., & Venis, R. (2018). Synthesis of eco-friendly copper nanoparticles for augmentation of catalytic degradation of organic dyes. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 260, 1–8.
Fernandes Queiroz, M., Melo, K. R. T., Sabry, D. A., Sassaki, G. L., & Rocha, H. A. O. (2015). Does the Use of Chitosan Contribute to Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation? Marine Drugs, 13(1), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13010141
Gomes, A. S., Leal, M. V. G., Tolosa, G. R., Cabrera, F. C., Dognani, G., & Job, A. E. (2023). Cationic dialdehyde cellulose microfibers for efficient removal of eriochrome black T from aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology, 380, 129096.
Gorzin, F., & Bahri Rasht Abadi, M. (2018). Adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorbent prepared from paper mill sludge: Kinetics and thermodynamics studies. Adsorption Science & Technology, 36(1–2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617416686976
Guo, X., & Wang, J. (2019). A general kinetic model for adsorption: Theoretical analysis and modeling. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 288, 111100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111100
Guzmán Grijalva, H. M., Alvarado Ibarra, J., Zamarrón Pulé, M. F., Esquer Peralta, J., Guzmán Grijalva, H. M., Alvarado Ibarra, J., Zamarrón Pulé, M. F., & Esquer Peralta, J. (2021). Removal of Eriochrome Black T from water using a chitosan/zeolite composite: A kinetic study. Biotecnia, 23(3), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1479
Hadadi, A., Imessaoudene, A., Bollinger, J.-C., Cheikh, S., Manseri, A., & Mouni, L. (2023). Dual Valorization of Potato Peel (Solanum tuberosum) as a Versatile and Sustainable Agricultural Waste in Both Bioflocculation of Eriochrome Black T and Biosorption of Methylene Blue. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 31(7), 2983–2998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02780-7
Hamed, I., Özogul, F., & Regenstein, J. M. (2016). Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 48, 40–50.
Hao, Y., Cheng, L., Song, X., & Gao, Q. (2023). Functional properties and characterization of maize starch films blended with chitosan. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 36(12), 4977–4996. https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057221142228
Hashemi, S. Y., Azari, A., Raeesi, M., & Yaghmaeian, K. (2023). Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in optimisation of fluoride removal by magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide composite: Kinetics and isotherm study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(17), 5368–5386. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1938021
Hassani, F.-Z. S. A., Hamid Salim, M., Kassab, Z., Sehaqui, H., Ablouh, E.-H., Bouhfid, R., Kacem Qaiss, A. E., & Achaby, M. E. (2022). Crosslinked starch-coated cellulosic papers as alternative food-packaging materials. RSC Advances, 12(14), 8536–8546. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00536K
He, X., Du, M., Li, H., & Zhou, T. (2016). Removal of direct dyes from aqueous solution by oxidized starch cross-linked chitosan/silica hybrid membrane. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 82, 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.005
Homagai, P. L., Poudel, R., Poudel, S., & Bhattarai, A. (2022). Adsorption and removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution by modified rice husk. Heliyon, 8(4). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(22)00549-7
Huang, C., Liao, H., Ma, X., Xiao, M., Liu, X., Gong, S., Shu, X., & Zhou, X. (2021). Adsorption performance of chitosan Schiff base towards anionic dyes: Electrostatic interaction effects. Chemical Physics Letters, 780, 138958.
Huang, L., Chu, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, X., Hao, W., Chen, Y., & Dai, J. (2021). High strength pure chitosan hydrogels via double crosslinking strategy. Biomedical Materials, 16(4), 045048. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ac058c
Ihsanullah, I., Bilal, M., & Jamal, A. (2022). Recent Developments in the Removal of Dyes from Water by Starch‐Based Adsorbents. The Chemical Record, 22(7), e202100312. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202100312
Inamuddin. (2018). Fabrication and characterization of starch-cl-poly(lactic acid-g-acrylamide) nanohydrogel for adsorptive removal of Eriochrome Black-T from the aqueous medium. Desalination and Water Treatment, 116, 294–304. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22484
Isiuku, B. O., Okonkwo, P. C., & Emeagwara, C. D. (2021). Batch adsorption isotherm models applied in single and multicomponent adsorption systems – a review. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 42(12), 1879–1897. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2021.1964988
Jamee, R., & Siddique, R. (2019). Biodegradation of synthetic dyes of textile effluent by microorganisms: An environmentally and economically sustainable approach. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, 9(4), 114–118.
Karimi, M. H., Mahdavinia, G. R., Massoumi, B., Baghban, A., & Saraei, M. (2018). Ionically crosslinked magnetic chitosan/κ-carrageenan bioadsorbents for removal of anionic eriochrome black-T. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 113, 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.102
Khnifira, M., Boumya, W., Abdennouri, M., Sadiq, M., Achak, M., Serdaroğlu, G., Kaya, S., Şimşek, S., & Barka, N. (2021). A combined molecular dynamic simulation, DFT calculations, and experimental study of the eriochrome black T dye adsorption onto chitosan in aqueous solutions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 166, 707–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.228
Kotnala, S., Bhushan, B., & Nayak, A. (2023). Fabrication of nano-biocomposite for the removal of Eriochrome Black T and malachite green from aqueous solution: Isotherm and kinetic studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(10), 27846–27862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24054-w
Kumar, S., & Koh, J. (2012). Physiochemical, Optical and Biological Activity of Chitosan-Chromone Derivative for Biomedical Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(5), 6102–6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13056102
Kurczewska, J. (2022). Chitosan-montmorillonite hydrogel beads for effective dye adsorption. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 48, 102928.
Lee, S.-T., Mi, F.-L., Shen, Y.-J., & Shyu, S.-S. (2001). Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper(II) ion uptake by chitosan-tripolyphosphate chelating resin. Polymer, 42(5), 1879–1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00402-X
Li, G., Shang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Chao, Y., & Qi, Y. (2019). Reaction Mechanism of Etherification of Rice Straw with Epichlorohydrin in Alkaline Medium. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 14307. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50860-3
Liang, Z., Shi, W., Zhao, Z., Sun, T., & Cui, F. (2017). Enhanced removal and adsorption characters of aniline by the inorganically modified mesoporous silica nano-spheres. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 513, 250–258.
Lim, S.-H., & Hudson, S. M. (2004). Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a water-soluble chitosan derivative with a fiber-reactive group. Carbohydrate Research, 339(2), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.024
Lima, E. C., Sher, F., Guleria, A., Saeb, M. R., Anastopoulos, I., Tran, H. N., & Hosseini-Bandegharaei, A. (2021). Is one performing the treatment data of adsorption kinetics correctly? Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(2), 104813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104813
Mashkoor, F., Nasar, A., Inamuddin, n, & Asiri, A. M. (2018). Exploring the reusability of synthetically contaminated wastewater containing crystal violet dye using tectona grandis sawdust as a very low-cost adsorbent. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 8314.
Mathew, S., Brahmakumar, M., & Abraham, T. E. (2006). Microstructural imaging and characterization of the mechanical, chemical, thermal, and swelling properties of starch–chitosan blend films. Biopolymers, 82(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.20480
Matos, J., Smith, R. A., Bello, R., Poon, P. S., Segura-del-Río, R., Escalona, N., & Bashkova, S. (2025). Nickel-Decorated Carbocatalysts for the UV-Driven Photodegradation of Rhodamine B. Catalysts, 15(4), 385.
Mohamed, M. F., Hamed, A. A., Kashmiry, A. A., Saddiq, A. A., Abdelhamid, I. A., & Elgamal, A. M. (2025). A practical and environmentally sustainable approach to dye removal: Synthesis and characterization of a highly efficient crosslinked chitosan-Schiff base adsorbent for Eriochrome Black T removal. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 308, 142048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142048
Mohamed Nasser, S., Abbas, M., & Trari, M. (2024). Understanding the rate-limiting step adsorption kinetics onto biomaterials for mechanism adsorption control. Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism, 49, 14686783241226858. https://doi.org/10.1177/14686783241226858
Ngwabebhoh, F. A., Gazi, M., & Oladipo, A. A. (2016). Adsorptive removal of multi-azo dye from aqueous phase using a semi-IPN superabsorbent chitosan-starch hydrogel. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 112, 274–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.06.023
Noreen, S., Bhatti, H. N., Iqbal, M., Hussain, F., & Sarim, F. M. (2020). Chitosan, starch, polyaniline and polypyrrole biocomposite with sugarcane bagasse for the efficient removal of Acid Black dye. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 147, 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.257
Priya, V. S., Basha, S. K., & Kumari, V. S. (2023). Kinetics and adsorption performance of biosorbent starch/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposite for the removal of dyes. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences, 9(4), 529–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00063-4
Radoor, S., Karayil, J., Parameswaranpillai, J., & Siengchin, S. (2020). Adsorption Study of Anionic Dye, Eriochrome Black T from Aqueous Medium Using Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch/ZSM-5 Zeolite Membrane. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(10), 2631–2643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01812-w
Rashid, I., Omari, M. H. A., Leharne, S. A., Chowdhry, B. Z., & Badwan, A. (2012). Starch gelatinization using sodium silicate: FTIR, DSC, XRPD, and NMR studies. Starch - Stärke, 64(9), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201100190
Shah, R. K., & Naglah, A. M. (2022). Nanoarchitectonics of Chitosan/Glutaraldehyde/Zinc Oxide as a Novel Composite for the Efficient Removal of Eriochrome Black T Dye from Aqueous Media. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 32(6), 2030–2039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02258-4
Shahid-ul-Islam (Ed.). (2017). Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment (1st ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119407805
Sharma, A., Shivanna, J. M., Alodhayb, A. N., & Hegde, G. (2024). Efficient cationic dye removal from water through Arachis hypogaea skin-derived carbon nanospheres: A rapid and sustainable approach. Nanoscale Advances, 6(12), 3199–3210.
Shimizu, S., & Matubayasi, N. (2023). Understanding Sorption Mechanisms Directly from Isotherms. Langmuir, 39(17), 6113–6125. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00256
Shin, J.-H., Yang, J. E., Park, J. E., Jeong, S.-W., Choi, S.-J., Choi, Y. J., & Jeon, J. (2022). Rapid and Efficient Removal of Anionic Dye in Water Using a Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide-Immobilized Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane. ACS Omega, 7(10), 8759–8766. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c06991
Silva, L. M., Munoz-Pena, M. J., Dominguez-Vargas, J. R., González, T., & Cuerda-Correa, E. M. (2021). Kinetic and equilibrium adsorption parameters estimation based on a heterogeneous intraparticle diffusion model. Surfaces and Interfaces, 22, 100791.
Sirajudheen, P., Poovathumkuzhi, N. C., Vigneshwaran, S., Chelaveettil, B. M., & Meenakshi, S. (2021). Applications of chitin and chitosan based biomaterials for the adsorptive removal of textile dyes from water—A comprehensive review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 273, 118604.
Synowiecki, J., & Al-Khateeb, N. A. (2003). Production, Properties, and Some New Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 43(2), 145–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690390826473
Tan, S. X., Ong, H. C., Andriyana, A., Lim, S., Pang, Y. L., Kusumo, F., & Ngoh, G. C. (2022). Characterization and Parametric Study on Mechanical Properties Enhancement in Biodegradable Chitosan-Reinforced Starch-Based Bioplastic Film. Polymers, 14(2), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020278
Tang, T., Fan, X., Jin, Y., & Wang, G. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers with poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) as backbone by combination of ring-opening polymerization with living anionic polymerization. Polymer, Polymerized Ionic Liquids, 55(16), 3680–3687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.05.066
Waghchaure, R. H., Adole, V. A., & Jagdale, B. S. (2022). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, rhodamine B, methyl orange and Eriochrome black T dyes by modified ZnO nanocatalysts: A concise review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 143, 109764.
Wan Ngah, W. S., Teong, L. C., Wong, C. S., & Hanafiah, M. A. K. M. (2012). Preparation and characterization of chitosan–zeolite composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 125(3), 2417–2425. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36503
Wang, J., & Chen, C. (2014). Chitosan-based biosorbents: Modification and application for biosorption of heavy metals and radionuclides. Bioresource Technology, 160, 129–141.
Wang, S., Zhang, X., Wang, S., & Copeland, L. (2016). Changes of multi-scale structure during mimicked DSC heating reveal the nature of starch gelatinization. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 28271. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28271
Zawadzki, J., & Kaczmarek, H. (2010). Thermal treatment of chitosan in various conditions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 80(2), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.037
Zhou, Y., Zhang, L., & Cheng, Z. (2015). Removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution using agricultural wastes: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 212, 739–762.
Zubair, M., Aziz, H. A., Ihsanullah, I., Ahmad, M. A., & Al-Harthi, M. A. (2022). Enhanced removal of Eriochrome Black T from water using biochar/layered double hydroxide/chitosan hybrid composite: Performance evaluation and optimization using BBD-RSM approach. Environmental Research, 209, 112861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112861
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
