Effects of different irrigation and fertilization levels on sugar beet bioethanol and bioplastic production

Serhat Ayas

doi:10.24925/turjaf.v14i8.2328-2342.8738

Authors

Serhat Ayas Bursa Uludag University Yenişehir College, İznik Way 2. Km Yenişehir, Bursa, Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-9699

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v14i8.2328-2342.8738

Keywords:

Sugar beet production, Sugar beet molasses, Bio-ethanol production, Bioplastic (PHP) production, Environmental pollution

Abstract

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different irrigation and fertilization levels on the yield and quality of bioethanol and bioplastic obtained from sugar beet molasses. A two-year trial (2019-2020) was conducted at Bursa Uludag University Yenişehir İbrahim Orhan Vocational School Application Area. Physical analyzes of sugar beet roots and bioplastic production processes from molasses were carried out in the faculty’s food laboratory, and nutrient content analysis of molasses was carried out in Bursa Food and Feed Control Research Institute. In the study, four different irrigation treatment were combined with three different fertilization treatments to form twelve different study treatments and drip irrigation system was applied to ensure controlled irrigation-fertilization levels. In the study, the highest and lowest irrigation water amounts and plant water consumption values were calculated as 800.0-200.0 mm, 854.0-342.0 mm and 880.0-220.0 mm, 842.0-336.0 mm, respectively. The highest and lowest sugar beet root yields, molasses ratios of roots and bio-ethanol ratios produced from molasses varied between 116.8-34.8 t ha-1, 18.0-14.7 (%), 34.0-24.3 (%) and 112.1-36.9 t ha^-1, 17.2-14.7 (%), 34.8-24.5 (%), respectively. As the amount of irrigation water increased, sugar content, molasses and bio-ethanol ratios decreased, while as the level of fertilization increased, sugar content, molasses and bio-ethanol ratios increased. In recent years, due to the increasing demand for synthetic polymers and their inability to decompose in nature for a long time, there has been a shift towards bioplastic production. Bioplastic (PHP) is produced from natural resources such as sugar beet molasses. In the study, the bioplastic production efficiency was investigated at 3% and 2% molasses concentrations.

References

Aksu, G., Altay, H., 2020. The effects of potassium applications on drought stress in sugar beet: Part I. Sugar beet quality components. Journal of Scientific Perspectives 4(2): 157-168. https://doi.org/10.26900/jsp.4.013

Ayas, S., 2024. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization levels on the yield and quality of wet sugar beet pulp used as animal feed. Sugar Tech 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-024-01490-1

Ayas, S., 2025. Effects of different irrigation and fertilization levels on the yield and quality of sugar beet molasses. Sugar Tech 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-025-01558-6

Bayram, G., Turgut, İ., 2015. Sugar millet (Sorghum icolor ssp. Saccharatum) production and its importance as a bioethanol source. U.Ü. Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, 29(1):147-155.

Beigbeder, J.B., de Medeiros Dantas, J.M., Lavoie, J.M., 2021. Optimization of yeast, sugar and nutrient concentrations for high ethanol production rate using industrial sugar beet molasses and response surface methodology. Fermentation, 7, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ fermentation7020086

Bilir, B., Saltalı, K., 2023. the effect of the applications of nitrogen and boron on the yield and some quality characteristics of sugar beet. Turkish J Agri Nat Sci 10 (3): 670–680. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.12724 99.

Canan, S., Ceyhan, V., 2017. Effects of biomass price variation on the production cost of bioethanol in Türkiye. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32:16-22. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.289048

Ceylaner, A., Tatlı, Seven, P., Seven, İ., İflazoğlu, Mutlu, S., 2020. The Effects of two different storage condition and duration on nutrient level and In Vitro digestibility of wet sugar beet pulp. Fırat University Health Sciences Veterinary Journal 34(1): 07-12.

Ćirić, M., Popovic, V., Prodanovic, S., Živanović, T., Ikanović, J., Bajić, I., 2024. Sugar beet: Perspectives for the future. Sugar Tech, 26(5): 1208-1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-024-01462-5

Çınar, V.M., Ünay, A., 2021. The effects of some biofertilizers on yield, chlorophyll index and sugar content in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera L.). Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 58(2): 163-170. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.714633

de Souza, F.M., Gupta, R.K., Bacteria for Bioplastics: progress, applications, and challenges. ACS Omega, 9: 8666-8686. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c07372

Doğan, N.K., Kalender, M., 2023. Bioethanol Production from Sugar Beet Molasses using E. coli KO11 Strain: Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Batch Fermentation. Firat University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 35(1): 15-23. https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1143418

Ekinci, Y.M., Kulan, E.G., Kaya, M.D., 2022. Sugar Beet Seed Production in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(3): 489-495. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i3.489-495.4820

El-Naser, A., Zohri, A., Mohamed, G.E., Hafez, E., Fahmy, F.H., 2022. Production of Bio-ethanol from sugar beet pulp using recombinant E. Coli and S. Cereviceae. Egyptian Sugar Journal, 18: 68 – 77. https://doi.org/10.21608 /ESUGJ. 2022.152681.1016

FAOSTAT., 2024. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Access date: 22.12. 2021 https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QV

Gülşen, H., Akin, B., 2017. Biyoplastikler ve çevresel etkileri, Academia Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,1 ,3: 1-9.

Güneş, Z., Kırtıl, H.E., Küçükata, Y.Ş., Toprak, B. 2020. Biofuel (ethanol) production from sugar beet and its by-products and evaluation of industrial use of bioethanol. Journal of Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 16-24.

Ghasemlou, M., Barrow, C.J. Adhikari, B., 2024. The future of bioplastics in food packaging: An industrial perspective. Food Packaging and Shelf Life. 43, 101279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2024.101279

Hossain, M.S., Alam, M.I., Rahman, M.M., Mandal, P., Hasan, M.K., Akter, S., 2021. Performance of different sugar beet genotypes under salinity stress. Asian Journal of Crop, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 6 (1): 213-220.

Islam, M., Xayachak, T., Haque, N., Lau, D., Bhuiyan, M., 2024. Impact of bioplastics on environment from its production to end-of-life. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 188: 151-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.05.113

Joyia, M.A.K., Ahmad, M., Chen, Y.F., Mustaqeem, M., Abbas, A.A.A., Gondal, M.A., 2024. Trends and advances in sustainable bioethanol production technologies from first to fourth generation: A critical review. Energy Conversion and Management, 321, 119037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119037

Kassem, A.M., El-Gindy, A.G.M., Hassan, A.I.A., 2022. Effects of irrigation systems on sugar beet yield. Arab Universities J Agri Sci 30 (2): 185–194. https://doi.org/10.21608/AJS.2022.107701.1438.

Köksal, Ö., Aydın, Er, B., Ardalı, Y., Sağlam, M., 2019. Biodegradation of Bioplastics, Sinop University Journal of National Science, 4 (2): 151-167. https://doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd.499862

Mall, A.K., Misra, V., Santeshwari, S., Pathak, A.D., Srivastava, S., 2021. Sugar beet cultivation in India: Prospects for bio-ethanol production and value-added co-products. Sugar Tech, 23(6):1218–1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-021-01007-0

Marajan, W.A., Idris, B.E.M., Adam, A.H., 2021. Response of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Growth, Yield and Yield Components to Compost and Phosphorus Fertilizers. Journal of Agronomy Research, Vol 4: 14-22. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-3880

Marzo-Gago, C., Diaz, A.B., Blandino, A., 2023. Sugar beet pulp as raw material for the production. Fermentation, 9, 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070655

Meteorological Report., 2021a.The Annual report of Meteorological Station, Bursa, Türkiye. https://bulut.mgm.gov.tr/share/preview/PyF3qbnfJwgekwZH

Meteorological Report., 2021b. Meteorological Station of Greenhouse Application Area, Yenişehir-Bursa, Türkiye. DOI: www.mgm.gov.tr/verideğerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistic.aspx?k

Mohamed El-Sayed, G.I., El-Syiad, S.I., Mustafa, O.A.F., El-Geddawy, M.A., 2023. Evaluation of sugar losses in beet molasses as affected by the quality of sugar beet roots. Egyptian Sugar Journal 20:24-33. https://doi.org/10.21608/esugj.2023.1903 9 0.1034

Özbay, S., Yıldırım, M., 2019. The response of sugar beet to different irrigation levels and foliar application of micronutrients under drip irrigation system. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 32(2): 219-227. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.515644

Özdemir, Z.Ö., Günduğar, K., 2019. First, Second Generation Bioethanol Production Capacity and Production & Availability of in Türkiye. Duzce Üniversity Science and Technology Journal, 7: 1290-1298. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.547312

Özkan, F., Deniz, S., 2023. Determining the quality of sugar beet pulp, lenox, and ryegrass silages used in feeding dairy cattle, in comparison to corn silage. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 47: 565-575. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0128.4326

Patelski, A.M., Dziekon’ska-Kubczak, U., Balcerek, M., Pielech-Przybylska, K., Dziugan, P., Berlowska, J., 2024. The Ethanol production from sugar beet pulp supported by microbial hydrolysis with trichoderma viride. Energies, 17, 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040809

Pişkin, A., 2022. The Effect of Chloride on Yield and Quality Values of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research 9(2): 216-226. https://doi,org/10.19159/tutad.1079341

Rajaeifar, M.A., Hemayati, S.S., Tabatabaei, M., Aghbashlo, M., Mahmoudi, S.B., 2019. Areview on beet sugar industry with a focus on implementation of waste-toenergy strategy for power supply. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 103: 423-442

Sezgin, E.N., Alatürk, F., 2023. Effects of different harvesting practices on forage yield and quality characteristics in some sweet sorghum cultivars. Acta Natura Et Scientia, 4(2): 194-215. https://doi.org/10.293329/actanatsci.2023.354.8

TEGBE., 2023. Institute for Agricultural Economics and Policy Development. Access date: 22.12. 2022. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tebge

TUIK., 2023. Turkish Statistical Institute, Crop Production Statistics http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1001

USDA. 2023. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline Access date: 21.03.2024

Uygan, D., Oner, C., Alveroglu, V., Sofuoglu, A., 2021. Improvement of water saving and economic productivity based on quotation with sugar content of sugar beet using linear move sprinkler irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 255,106989:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106989

Vučurović, V.M., Puškaš, V.S., Miljić, U.D., 2018. Bioethanol production from sugar beet molasses and thick juice by free and immobilised Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 125: 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/jib.536

Vuˇcurovi´c, D., Baji´c, B., Vuˇcurovi´c, V., Jevti´c-Muˇcibabi´c, R., Dodi´c, S., 2022. Bioethanol Production from Spent Sugar Beet Pulp-Process Modeling and Cost Analysis. Fermentation, 8,114. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8030114

Yetik, A.K., Candoğan, B.N., 2022. Optimisation of irrigation strategy in sugar beet farming based on yield, quality and water. Plant, Soil and Environment, 68(8): 358-365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/234/2022-PSE

Z˙arski, J., Kus´mierek-Tomaszewska, R., Dudek, S., 2020. Impact of Irrigation and Fertigation on the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in a Moderate Climate. Agronomy 10, 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020166

Zhou, H., Wang, L., Xu, P., Liu, D., Zhang, L., Hao, Y., Wang, K., Fan, H., 2024. Nitrogen use efficiency of drip irrigated sugar beet as affected by sub-optimal levels of nitrogen and irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 298 (108849): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108849.