Türler Arası Melez (Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum habrochaites) Domates Anaçların Melez Uyuşumu ile Elde Edilen Melez Tohumların Çimlenme ve Çıkış Performanslarının Belirlenmesi

Hatice Şeyma Yücel; Ahmet Balkaya

doi:10.24925/turjaf.v14i8.2246-2256.8866

Authors

Hatice Şeyma Yücel Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun Meslek Yüksekokulu, Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Üretim Bölümü, 55020, Samsun, Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-2749
Ahmet Balkaya Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, 55156, Samsun, Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-615X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v14i8.2246-2256.8866

Keywords:

Rootstock, Grafted Seedling, Hybridization, Seed, Emergence performance

Abstract

This study was conducted within the framework of a local tomato rootstock breeding program to determine the cross ability status between S. lycopersicum and the wild species S. habrochaites, as well as to evaluate the quality performance of the obtained hybrid (F₁) seeds. A total of 15 different hybrid combinations were examined. Fruit set percentage and number of seeds per fruit were determined to assess hybridization success. The findings showed that fruit set occurred across all combinations, with success rates ranging from 73% to 90%. In particular, the RSH-5 (90%) and RSH-2 (89%) combinations stood out as the lines with the highest fruit set rates. In terms of seed productivity, RSH-5 and RSH-9 genotypes exhibited the highest values, producing more than 90 seeds per fruit. The germination and emergence performances of the obtained hybrid seeds were evaluated at two different temperatures, 24°C and 27°C. The results indicated that 27°C provided more favorable outcomes for both germination and emergence, increasing total emergence percentage shortening the time to 50% emergence (T₅₀). The RSH-6 and RSH-12 genotypes demonstrated high emergence rates and rapid development performance at both temperatures, placing them among the most promising candidates with commercial potential. In conclusion, the lines identified in this study with high hybridization success and superior seed quality can serve as valuable genetic materials for the development of competitive local tomato rootstocks in Türkiye.

References

Abak, K., & İlbi, H. (2022). Domates ıslahı. In K. Abak, A. Balkaya, Ş. Ş. Ellialtıoğlu & E. Düzyaman (Eds.), Sebze Islahı - Cilt 3: Solanaceae (Patlıcangiller) (pp. 319-412). Gece Kitaplığı.

Afful, N. T., Nyadanu, D., Akromah, R., Amoatey, H. M., Annor, C., & Diawouh, R. G. (2018). Evaluation of crossability studies between selected eggplant accessions with wild relatives S. torvum, S. anguivi and S. aethiopicum (Shum group). Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 10(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPBCS2017.0695

Albacete, A., Martínez-Andújar, C., Ghanem, M. E., Acosta, M., Sánchez-Bravo, J., Asins, M. J., Cuartero, J., Lutts, S., Dodd, I. C., & Pérez-Alfocea, F. (2009). Rootstock-mediated changes in xylem ionic and hormonal status are correlated with delayed leaf senescence, and increased leaf area and crop productivity in salinized tomato. Plant, Cell & Environment, 32(7), 928-938. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01973.x

Ali, M., & Fujieda, K. (1990). Cross compatibility between eggplant (Solanum melongena) and wild relatives. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 58(4), 977-984. https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.58.977

Balkaya, A., Akbudak, N., Kuşvuran, Ş., Yıldırım, E., Yaşar, F., Pirinç, V., Kandemir, D., Arpacı, B. B., Coşkun, F. Ö., Karaağaç, O., & Atasoy, S. (2025). Türkiye sebzecilik sektörünün mevcut durumu, hedefler ve stratejiler. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği X. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı-1, 594.

Barrett, D. M., Weakley, C., Diaz, J. V., & Watnik, M. (2007). Qualitative and nutritional differences in processing tomatoes grown under commercial organic and conventional production systems. Journal of Food Science, 72(9), 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00500.x

Bayındır, S. (2020). Örtüaltı aşılı domates yetiştiriciliğinde hibrit patlıcan anaç adaylarının anaçlık potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi (Yayın No. 636574) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.

Bedinger, P. A., Chetelat, R. T., McClure, B., Moyle, L. C., Rose, J. K., Stack, S. M., Van der Knaap, E., Baek, S. Y., Lopez-Casado, G., Covey, A. P., Kumar, A., Li, W., Nunez, R., Cruz-Garcia, F., & Royer, S. (2011). Interspecific reproductive barriers in the tomato clade: Opportunities to decipher mechanisms of reproductive isolation. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 24(3), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-010-0155-7

Broz, A. K., Miller, C. M., Baek, Y. S., Tovar-Méndez, A., Acosta-Quezada, P. G., Riofrío-Cuenca, T. E., Rusch, D. B., & Bedinger, P. A. (2021). S-RNase alleles associated with self-compatibility in the tomato clade: Structure, origins, and expression plasticity. Frontiers in Genetics, 12, 780793. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.780793

Devi, C. P., Munshi, A. D., Behera, T. K., Choudhary, H., Vinod Gurung, B., & Saha, P. (2015). Cross compatibility in interspecific hybridization of eggplant, Solanum melongena, with its wild relatives. Scientia Horticulturae, 193, 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.024

Eşiyok, D. (2012). Kışlık ve Yazlık Sebze Yetiştiriciliği. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları.

FAO. (2024). Dünya Domates Üretim Miktarları. The Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home (Erişim tarihi: 13 Şubat 2025).

Foolad, M. R., Subbiah, P., Kramer, C., Hargrave, G., & Lin, G. Y. (2003). Genetic relationships among cold, salt and drought tolerance during seed germination in an interspecific cross of tomato. Euphytica, 130(2), 199–206.

Foolad, M. R. (2007). Tolerance to abiotic stresses. In M. K. Razdan & A. K. Mattoo (Eds.), Genetic Improvement of Solanaceous Crops Volume 2 (pp. 521-592). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10744

Fu, S., Chen, J., Wu, X., Gao, H., & Lü, G. (2022). Comprehensive evaluation of low temperature and salt tolerance in grafted and rootstock seedlings combined with yield and quality of grafted tomato. Horticulturae, 8(7), 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070595

Ghani, M. A., Abbas, M. M., Amjad, M., Ziaf, K., Ali, B., Shaheen, T., Awan, S. F., & Khan, A. N. (2020). Production and characterisation of tomato derived from interspecific hybridisation between cultivated tomato and its wild relatives. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 95(4), 506-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2019.1689182

Gur, A., Semel, Y., Osorio, S., Friedmann, M., Seekh, S., Ghareeb, B., Mohammad, A., Pleban, T., Gera, G., Fernie, A. R., & Zamir, D. (2011). Yield quantitative trait loci from wild tomato are predominately expressed by the shoot. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 121(5), 865-878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1456-9

Hanson, P. M., Sitathani, K., Sadashiva, A. T., Yang, R. Y., Graham, E., & Ledesma, D. (2007). Performance of Solanum habrochaites LA1777 introgression line hybrids for marketable tomato fruit yield in Asia. Euphytica, 158(1), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9440-4

Hayase, H. (1961). Cucurbita crosses: XIII. Utilization of bud pollination in obtaining interspecific hybrids of C. pepo x C. maxima. Japanese Journal of Breeding, 25, 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs1951.11.277

Hossain, M., Imanishi, S., & Matsumoto, A. (1994). Production of somatic hybrids between tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and night shade (Solanum lycopersicoides) by electrofusion. Japanese Journal of Breeding, 44(4), 405-412.

Huarachi Morejon, N. (2013). Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting Improvement of Rootstocks for Tomato (Yayın No. 132517532) [Doktora tezi, The Ohio State University]. Corpus Dissertation.

Ibrahim, M., Munira, M. K., Kabir, M. S., Islam, A. K. M. S., & Miah, M. M. U. (2001). Seed germination and graft compatibility of wild Solanum as rootstock of tomato. Journal of Biological Sciences, 1, 701-703. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.701.703

ISTA. (2018). Handbook on Seedling Evaluation (4th ed.). International Rules for Seed Testing.

ISTA. (2025). International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association.

Karaağaç, O. (2013). Karadeniz bölgesinden toplanan kestane kabağı (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) ve bal kabağı (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) genotiplerinin karpuza anaçlık potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi (Yayın No. 341477) [Doktora tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.

Karaağaç, O., & Balkaya, A. (2013). Interspecific hybridization and hybrid seed yield of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) lines for rootstock breeding. Scientia Horticulturae, 149, 9-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.10.021

Kharkongar, H. P., Khanna, V. K., Tyagi, W., Rai, M., & Meetei, N. T. (2013). Wide hybridization and embryo-rescue for crop improvement in Solanum. Agrotechnology, 11, 004.

Kumchai, J., Wei, Y. C., Lee, C. Y., Chen, F. C., & Chin, S. W. (2013). Production of interspecific hybrids between commercial cultivars of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and its wild relative S. torvum. Genetics and Molecular Research, 12(1), 755-764. https://doi.org/10.4238/2013.March.13.4

Mahmoud A.M.A. (2020) Evaluation of tomato interspecific hybrid rootstocks under greenhouse conditions. The Horticulture Journal, 89(5), 575-585. https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.UTD-199

Mavi, K. (2020). Biberlerde türler arası melezleme. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(3), 386-406. https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.722036

Mavi, K., Ermis, S., & Demir, I. (2006). The effect of priming on tomato rootstock seeds in relation to seedling growth. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(6), 940-947.

Muñoz-Sanz, J. V., Tovar-Méndez, A., Lu, L., Dai, R., & McClure, B. (2021). A cysteine-rich protein, SpDIR1L, implicated in S-RNase-independent pollen rejection in the tomato (Solanum Section Lycopersicon) Clade. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(23), 13067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313067

Nascimento, W. M., Pinheiro, F., & Freitas, R. A. (2007). Utilização do ethephon para a produção de sementes de híbrido de abóbora tipo tetsukabuto. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 29(2), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222007000200002

Nieuwhof, M., Keizer, L. C. P., Zijlstra, S., & Lindhout, P. (1999). Genotypic variation for root activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) at different root temperatures. Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 53, 271-278.

Ntatsi, G., Savvas, D., Kläring, H. P., & Schwarz, D. (2014). Growth, yield, and metabolic responses of temperature-stressed tomato to grafting onto rootstocks differing in cold tolerance. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 139(2), 230-243. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.139.2.230

Patwary, M. M. A., Alam, M. M., Rahman, M. M., Shahabuddin, A., Miah, M. A. K., & Barua, H. (2013). Study on heterosis in heat tolerant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) during summer. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 38(3), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i3.16980

Rhodes, A. M. (1959). Species hybridization and interspecific gene transfer in the genus Cucurbita. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 74, 546-551.

Rivard, C. L., & Louws, F. J. (2008). Grafting to manage soilborne diseases in heirloom tomato production. HortScience, 43(7), 2104-2111. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.2104

Sarıbaş, H. Ş. (2019). Aşılı patlıcan üretiminde genetik kaynakların anaç ıslah programında değerlendirilmesi ve yerli hibrit anaçların geliştirilmesi (Yayın No. 575790) [Doktora tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.

Sarıbaş, Ş., Balkaya, A., Kandemir, D., & Karaağaç, O. (2019). Patlıcan anaç ıslahında Solanum melongena ve Solanum aethiopicum genotipleri arasında türler arası melez uyuşumu ve hibrit tohum özellikleri. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 34(2), 117-127. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.558940

Schwarz, D., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., & Venema, J. H. (2010). Grafting as a tool to improve tolerance of vegetables to abiotic stresses: Thermal stress, water stress and organic pollutants. Scientia Horticulturae, 127(2), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.09.016

Şehirali, S., & Yorgancılar, Ö. (2011). Tohumluk ve Teknolojisi (4. baskı). Ege Basım.

Şehirali S. (1997). Tohumluk ve Teknolojisi. Ankara Basım Evi.

Sısko, M., Ivani, A., & Bohanec, B. (2003). Genome size analysis in the genus Cucurbita and its use for determination of interspecific hybrids obtained using the embryo-rescue technique. Plant Science, 165(3), 663-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00256-5

Tatlıoğlu, T. (1993). Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In G. Kalloo & B. O. Bergh (Eds.), Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops (pp. 197-234). Pergamon Press.

TTSM. (2025). Tescilli Çeşit Listesi. Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkez Müdürlüğü. www.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2025).

Vanlay, M., Samnang, S., Jung, H. J., Choe, P., Kang, K. K., & Nou, I. S. (2022). Interspecific and intraspecific hybrid rootstocks to improve horticultural traits and soil-borne disease resistance in tomato. Genes, 13(8), 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13081468

Whitaker, T. W., & Robinson, R. W. (1986). Squash breeding. In M. J. Bassett (Ed.), Breeding Vegetable Crops (pp. 209-242). Avi Publishing.

Yamaguchi, J., & Shiga, T. (1993). Characteristics of regenerated plants via protoplast electrofusion between melon (Cucumis melo) and pumpkin (interspecific hybrid, Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata). Japanese Journal of Breeding, 43, 173-182.

Yiğit, Ü. (2019). Domates anacı tohumlarında bazı kaliteyi iyileştirici uygulamaların çimlenme ve çıkış kapasitesi üzerine etkileri (Yayın No. 545199) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.

Yongan, C., Bingkui, Z., Enhui, Z., & Zunlian, Z. (2002a). Study on affinity of sexual hybridization between Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report, 25, 54-55.

Yongan, C., Bingkui, Z., Enhui, Z., & Zunlian, Z. (2002b). Germplasm innovation by interspecific crosses in pumpkin. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report, 25, 56-57.

Yücel, H. Ş., Karaağaç, O., Balkaya, A., & Kandemir, D. (2022). Aşılı fide üretiminde kullanılan anaçlar. In H. Yetişir & Ş. Ellialtıoğlu (Eds.), Sebzelerde Fide Yetiştiriciliği. Gece Kitaplığı.

Zamir, D. (2001). Improving plant breeding with exotic genetic libraries. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2(12), 983-989. https://doi.org/10.1038/35103590

Zeist, A. R., Resende, J. T. V., Silva, P. R., Maluf, W. R., Silva Junior, A. D., Lima Filho, R. B., & Gabrielli, P. (2023). Self-pollination, intra- and interspecific crosses in tomatoes. Scientia Agricola, 80, e20220016. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2022-0016