Design, Fabrication and Preliminary Testing of a Small-Scale Cassava Starch Extraction Machine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i8.1448-1456.6768Keywords:
Cassava, Starch Extraction, Machine Efficiency, Food Processing, Value AdditionAbstract
A cassava starch extraction machine was designed and fabricated to perform a quadruplet action of grating, washing, sieving and separation. The study was necessitated based on concerns that most locally manufactured cassava processing machines are without provision for the extraction of starch. Food processors mainly depend on the manual pressing of cassava to obtain starch and this has significantly increased the cost of the product in the local market. Materials for construction were locally sourced and the machine was powered by a 2 hp electric motor through a v-belt-pulley transmission system and operating at a speed of 547 rpm. Fresh cassava tubers were harvested from Ikot Akpaden, a rural community in Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom, South-South of Nigeria, and used for the experiment. Results from the experiment showed that the quantity of wet starch extracted increased from 0.64 to 1.48 kg as the volume of water mixed with 2 kg of the product increased from 1 to 5 Liters. The rate of water usage and throughput capacity increased from 0.0005 to 0.0025 m3/kg and 35.29 to 46.75 kg/h respectively as volume of water increased. The optimum machine efficiency was 74%. The machine was fabricated at a cost of N 150,200 (equivalent of $100). Minimal time consumption, ease of operation and low production cost were some of the features that made the machine economically viable when compared to other conventional methods of extracting starch from cassava.
References
Adebayo, W. G. (2023). Cassava production in africa: A panel analysis of the drivers and trends, Heliyon. 9(9). e19939. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19939.
Ajav, E. A., & O. A. Fakayode (2013). Mechanical Properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) in relation to an Oil Expeller Design. Agrosearch Journal 13(3): 206-216. doi: 10.4314/agrosh.v13i3.4S
Ashogbon, A. O. & Akintayo, E. T. (2012). Morphological, functional and pasting properties of starches separated from rice cultivars grown in Nigeria. International Food Research Journal 19(2): 665-671.
Bates, R.P., Morris, J.R. & Crandall, P.G., (2001). Principles and practices of small and medium scale fruit juice processing. Agricultural services bulletin 146. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104661-1.
Bhattacharyya, P., Ghosh, U., Chowdhuri, U. R., Chattopadhyay, P. & Gangopadhyay, H. (2004). Effects of different treatments on physic-chemical properties of rice starch. Journal of Scentific and Industrial Research, 63: 826-829.
Bruinsma, D. H., Witsenburg, W. W. & Wurdemann, W. (2001). Cassava in selection of Canada. Cassava Starch Production in India. Paper presented at the International Symposiums Chouinard, A: Cassava Harvesting and Processing Proceeding of a workshop held at CIAT, Cali Colombia International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, FAO (2007). Production Year Book for 2006, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, U.K. Pp. 26 – 32.
Cereda, M. P. & Branc, F. P. (2024). Design and evaluation of an equipment for starch release and extraction of underground starchy crops in small processing units, Starch Industries: Processes and Innovative Products in Food and Non-Food Uses, Academic Press, Pages 51-73, ISBN 9780323908429, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90842-9.00010-8.
Cipto & Parenden, D. (2022). Sago Extraction Machine Design. MATEC Web Conf. 372 01002. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/202237201002.
Clifton, P. & Keogh, J. (2016). Starch. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Academy Press. Pages 146-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00661-9.
Da, G., Dufour, D., Marouzé, C., Thanh, M.L. & Maréchal, P.-A. (2008), Cassava Starch Processing at Small Scale in North Vietnam. Starch/Stärke, 60: 358-372. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.200800202.
Darma, Wang, X. & Kito, K. (2014). Development of Sago Starch Extractor with Stirrer Rotary Blade for Improving Extraction Performance. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) 6(5): 2472-241.
Djami, N. & Brisco, A. (2019). Design of a Cassava Processing Unit in Starch. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN: 2394-3696. 6(3): 39-48.
Egwari, L. O. (2016). Mechanical Device for Starch Extraction during Rice Flour Fermentation: Cost Effective and Product Quality Consistent Approach. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 6(7):188-194.
George, A. M., Joy, J., Renju, J. & Abraham, J. (2021). Design and extraction of Arrowroot (Curcuma Angustifolia) starch by screw extruder: Preparation, Assembly, and End product development. The International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering. Yukthi-2021. Govt. Engineering College Kozhikode, 24-26th September, 2021. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3989428.
Grace, M. R. (2003) Cassava Processing, FAO Plant Production and Protection Series No. 3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5032E/X5032E00.htm.
Grace M.R. (2003) Cassava Processing, FAO Plant Production and Protection
Series No. 3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5032E/X5032E00.htm
Grace M.R. (2003) Cassava Processing, FAO Plant Production and Protection
Series No. 3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5032E/X5032E00.htm
Grace M.R. (2003) Cassava Processing, FAO Plant Production and Protection
Series No. 3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5032E/X5032E00.htm
Grace M.R. (2003) Cassava Processing, FAO Plant Production and Protection
Series No. 3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5032E/X5032E00.htm
Grace M.R. (2003) Cassava Processing, FAO Plant Production and Protection Series No. 3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5032E/X5032E00.h
Guillaume, D., Eric, F., Pierre-André, M., Mai, T., Claude, M. & Dufour, D. (2010). Modeling small-scale cassava starch extraction. Simulation of the reduction of water consumption through a recycling process. Process Biochemistry. 45. 1837-1842. 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.001.
Hasmadi, M., Harlina, L., Jau-Shya, L., Mansoor, A. H., Jahurul, M. H.A. & Zainol, M.K. (2021). Extraction and characterisation of cassava starch cultivated in different locations in Sabah, Malaysia. Food Research 5 (3): 44 – 52.
Igboayaka, E. C., Ndukwu, M. C., & Ernest, I. C. (2018). A Modelling approach for determining the throughput capacity and energy consumption of a cassava tuber shredder. Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 6(4), 801–816. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243682.2018.1555678.
Ikuemonisan E. S., Mafimisebi T. E., Ajibefun I. & Adenegan K. (2020). Cassava production in Nigeria: trends, instability and decomposition analysis (1970-2018). Heliyon. e05089. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05089. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PMID: 33072906; PMCID: PMC7553005.
Khurmi, R.S. & Gupta, J.K. (2010). A Textbook of Machine Design. New Delhi: Eurais Publishing House.
Ndukwu MC, Afam G, Nwakuba NR (2020). Development and Optimization of a Manual Fed Cassava Root Chipper for Household Cassava Processors. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), 1(2): 283-295. https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.2020.v01i02.006.
Olutayo, L. A; Mogaji K. O & Fasoyin S. A (2015). Development of a Cassava Starch Extraction Machine. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research. 5(11): 23-28.
Oluwasina, O. O. (2016) Physicochemical properties of cassava starchand starch-keratin prepared biofilm. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology (SJST), 38(4), 349-355.
Olukunle, O. J & Olukunle, O. F (2007). Development of a sustainable system for Cassava production sweet and sour starch in Colombia. In weber, E.J. Cock, J.H. and publishing and documentation (PUDDC). Wageringen the Netherlands P.113-158.
Olutayo, L. A., Mogaji K. O. & Fasoyin S. A. (2018) Development of a cassava starch extraction machine. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches. 5(4): 84-93.
Vilpoux,O. F. (2024). Cassava starch processing units: comparison of industrial technologies from China, Thailand, and Brazil, Starch Industries: Processes and Innovative Products in Food and Non-Food Uses, Academic Press, Pages 9-35, ISBN 9780323908429, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90842-9.00011-X.
Wang, S. & Ren, F. (2020). Rheological, Pasting, and Textural Properties of Starch. Starch structure, Functionality and Application in Foods. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0622-2_7.
Wang, Z., Mhaske, P., Farahnaky, A., Kasapis, S. & Majzoobi, M. (2022). Cassava starch: Chemical modification and its impact on functional properties and digestibility. Food Hydrocolloids. Volume 129,107542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107542.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
