Formulation of Multi-Source Edible Oils from Palm oil and African Walnut oil and Study of Their Effect on Hematological, Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in High Fat Diet Obese-Induced Wistar Rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i3.669-683.7214Keywords:
Obesity, Multi-Source Edible Oils, Oxidative stress, Haematology, CytokinesAbstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of palm oil, African walnut oil and their blends on hematological, inflammatory, and some oxidative stress markers in high fat diet (HFD) obese-induced Wistar rats. Obesity was induced for 60 days and treated for 28 days using edible oils [palm oil, African walnut oil, palm oil: African walnut oil (50:50) and palm oil : African walnut oil (60:40)] and orlistat (10 mg/Kg). Thereafter the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for hematological studies and the preparation of the serum, while the organs harvested were used to prepare organ homogenates. Serum and organ homogenates were used for the evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Results showed that the oils utilized were confirmed to be of high quality through their good stability indices (peroxide value: 2.52-3.87meq O2/Kg; p-anisidine value: 8.24-12.33, TOTOX value: 13.37-19.46,). Looking at the haematological study, animals that received the HFD presented the lowest (p<0.05) hematocrit and Platelet. PO:WO (50:50 and 60:40) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the granulocytes concentration in the blood of rats. PO:WO (50:50) significantly (p<0.05) increased the lymphocyte concentration while 100% PO increased the mid-size white blood cells level in the animals. Serum levels of inflammation markers were higher (p<0.05) in the negative control group (354.44-385.82 pg/mL) compared to the other groups (147.22-271.55 pg/mL). The analysis of oxidative stress parameters revealed that the administered oils and orlistat generally exhibited good protections compared to the normal and negative control groups, which might be due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and bioactives such as β-carotene and vitamin E which have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be concluded that these oils have a role in protecting against obesity through their effects on oxidative stress, hematology, and inflammatory cytokines.
References
Abam, E. O., Oladipo, F. Y., Atasie, V. N., & Obayomi, A. A. (2013). Effect of Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)-oil on Cadmium-Induced Alterations in Lipid Metabolism in Male Albino Rats, Food and Public Health, 3 4, 169-175.
Abdullah, D. A., Mahmood, G. A., & Rahman, H. S. (2018). Hematology Reference Intervals for Healthy Adults of the City of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. International Journal of General Medicine, 3, 1249 1254. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s270800
Drougard, A., Fournel, A., Valet, P., & Knauf, C. (2015). Impact of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species in the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 56. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00056.
Lima Rocha, J.É., Mendes Furtado, M., Mello Neto, R.S., da Silva Mendes, A.V., Brito, A.K.D.S., Sena de Almeida, J.O.C., Rodrigues Queiroz, E.I., de Sousa França, J.V., Silva Primo, M.G., Cunha Sales, A.L.C., Gomes Vasconcelos, A., Felix Cabral, W., Souza Kückelhaus, S.A., de Souza de Almeida Leite, J.R., Fortes Lustosa, A.K.M., Lucarini, M., Durazzo, A., Arcanjo, D.D.R., Martins, M.D.C.C.E. (2022) Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Liver Damage in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Nutrients, 14(3), 426. doi: 10.3390/nu14030426.
Heshmati, J., Morvaridzadeh, M., Maroufizadeh, S., Akbari, A., Yavari, M., Amirinejad, A., Maleki-Hajiagha, A., & Sepidarkish, M. (2019). Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pharmacological Research, 149, 104462. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104462.
Huang, Y., Chen, H., Liu, Q., Hu, J., Hu, D., Huang, Z., Xu, Z., & Wan, R. (2023). Obesity difference on association blood malondialdehyde level and diastolic hypertension in the elderly population: a cross-sectional analysis. European Journal of Medical Research, 28(1), 44. doi: 10.1186/s40001-022-00983-7.
Yesilbursa, D., Serdar, Z., Serdar, A., Sarac, M., Coskun, S., & Jale, C. (2005). Lipid peroxides in obese patients and effects of weight loss with orlistat on lipid peroxides levels. International Journal of Obesity (Lond), 29(1), 142-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802794.
Martín-Fernández, M., Arroyo, V., Carnicero, C., Sigüenza, R., Busta, R., Mora, N., Antolín, B., Tamayo, E., Aspichueta, P., Carnicero-Frutos, I., Gonzalo-Benito, H., & Aller, R. (2022). Role of Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in the Pathophysiology of NAFLD. Antioxidants (Basel), 11(11), 2217. doi: 10.3390/antiox11112217.
Nandi, A., Yan, L.J., Jana, C.K., & Das, N. (2019). Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, 9613090. doi: 10.1155/2019/9613090.
Eccleston, H.B., Andringa, K.K., Betancourt, A.M., King, A.L., Mantena, S.K., Swain, T.M., Tinsley, H.N., Nolte, R.N., Nagy, T.R., Abrams, G.A., & Bailey, S.M. (2011). Chronic exposure to a high-fat diet induces hepatic steatosis, impairs nitric oxide bioavailability, and modifies the mitochondrial proteome in mice. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 15(2), 447-59. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3395.
African Population and Health Research Center (2018). Annual report. Breaking new ground. https://aphrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/APHRC-Annual-Report-2018-1.pdf
Ajuwon, O. R., Marnewick, J. L., Oguntibeju, O. O., & Davids, L. M. (2022). Red Palm Oil Ameliorates Oxidative Challenge and Inflammatory Responses Associated with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury by Modulating NF-κβ and Nrf2/GCL/HO-1 Signaling Pathways in Rats. Antioxidants, 11(8), 1629.
Albrahim, T., Alotaibi, M. H. M., Altamimi, N. M. M., Albariqi, A. M. A., Alqarni, L. A. O., Alassaf, S. N. A., Aloudah, H. S., Alahmed, M., Almnaizel, A. T., Aldraihem, M. R., & Alonazi, M. (2022). The Impact of Dietary Consumption of Palm Oil and Olive Oil on Lipid Profile and Hepatocyte Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Pharmaceuticals, 15(9), 1103.
Ali, M., Farooq, U., Lyu, S., Sun, Y., Li, M., Ahmad, A., Shan, A., & Abbas, Z. (2020). Synthesis of controlled release calcium peroxide nanoparticles (CR-nCPs): Characterizations, H2O2 liberate performances and pollutant degradation efficiency. Separation and Purification Technology, 241, 116729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116729
Andreyev, A. Y., Kushnareva, Y. E., & Starkov, A. A. (2005). Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Biochemistry (Moscow), 70, 200–214. doi: 10.1007/s10541-005-0102-7.
Annamaria, M., Imperlini, E., Nigro, E., Montagnese, C., Daniele, A., Orrù, S., & Buono, P. (2015). Biological and Nutritional Properties of Palm Oil and Palmitic Acid: EffectsonHealth. Molecules, 20(9),17339 17361. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200917339
AOCS Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’Society. (2003). edited by Firestone D, American Oil Chemists’ Society, 5th Ed. AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
Ashraf, H., Laway, B., Afroze, D., & Wani, A. (2018). Evaluation of proinflammatory cytokines in obese vs non-obese patients with metabolic syndrome. Indian Journal of Endocrinology And Metabolism, 22(6), 751. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_206_18
Babalola, T., Oyawale, F., Adejumo, I., & Bolu, S. (2016). Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by vegetable oil on the serum biochemical and hematological parameters of African catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) fingerlings. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science/Iranian Journal Of Fisheries Science, 15(2), 775 788. http://jifro.ir/article-1-2220-en.pdf
Balan, A. I., Halațiu, V. B., & Scridon, A. (2024). Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Link between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation. Antioxidants, 13(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010117
Balaban, R. S., Nemoto, S., & Finkel, T. (2005). Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell, 120, 483–495. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.001.
Bannenberg, G., Mallon, C., Edwards, H., Yeadon, D., Yan, K., Johnson, H., & Ismail, A. (2017). Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content and Oxidation State of Fish Oil Supplements in New Zealand. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1488. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01470-4
Beshel, F. N., Antai, A. B., & Osim, E. E. (2014). Chronic consumption of three forms of palm oil diets alters glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. General Physiology and Biophysics, 33(02), 251 256. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2013069
Carlström, M. (2021). Nitric oxide signalling in kidney regulation and cardiometabolic health. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 17 (9): 575-590. doi: 10.1038/s41581-021-00429-z.
Dhyani, A., Singh, P. K., Chopra, R., & Garg, M. (2022). Enhancement of Oxidative Stability of Perilla Seed Oil by Blending It with Other Vegetable Oils. Journal of Oleo Science, 71(8), 1135 1144. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess22013
Djikeng, T. F., Etta, H. E., Ngandung, M. E., Etake, N. N., Djikeng, T. F ., & Tiencheu, B. (2024). Extending African walnut oil (Tetracarpidium conophorum) shelf-life by blending it with palm, groundnut and avocado oils and study of their oxidative stability during accelerated storage. Hybrid Advances 7: 100331
Dos Santos Cardoso, M. L. (2013). HIF-1α Relevance in Necrosis of Mycobacterium Avium-Induced Granulomas (Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro (Portugal)).
Draper, H.H., & Hadley, M. (1990). Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymology, 186, 421-431.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2024). Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Jeong, S.M., Jung, J.H., Yang, Y.S., Kim, W., Cho, I.Y., Lee, Y.B., Park, K.Y., Nam, G.E., Han, K. (2023). Taskforce Team of the Obesity Fact Sheet of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet: Prevalence of Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Adults, Adolescents, and Children in Korea from 2012 to 2021. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 33(1), 27-35. doi: 10.7570/jomes24012.
Oladeji, O., Zhang, C., Moradi, T., Tarapore, D., Stokes, A.C., Marivate, V., Sengeh, M.D., & Nsoesie, E.O. (2021). Monitoring Information-Seeking Patterns and Obesity Prevalence in Africa With Internet Search Data: Observational Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 7(4), e24348. doi: 10.2196/24348.
Duo, L. (2015). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and non-communicable diseases: meta-analysis based systematic review. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 24(1), 10-15.
Ellman, G. L. (1959). Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Archives Of Biochemistry And Biophysics, 82(1), 70 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6
FAO/WHO. (2009). Report of the 21st session of the codex alimentarius committee on fats and oils. [online]. Kola kinabala 135 p. ISBN: 978– 92–5-105913-5.
Food Safety and Standards Autority of India (FSSAI) (2021). Manual of Methods of Analysis of foods, oils and fats. A statutory authority established under the food safety and standards act, 2006. Quality Assurance division. 119 p.
Fridah, C. (2015). Achieving Zero Hunger in Kenya: Logistics Management Practices for Enhancing Operational Efficiency of the Agriculture and Food Authority. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 6(4), 1-10
Geng, L., Zhou, W., Qu, X., Sa, R., Liang, J., Wang, X., & Sun, M. (2023). Iodine values, peroxide values and acid values of Bohai algae oil compared with other oils during the cooking. Heliyon, 9(4), e15088. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15088.
Ghomdim, N. , Mezajoug, K. , Ngangoum, E. , Djiazet, S. and Tchiegang, C. (2024) ω-3 Rich Tetracarpidum conophorum Oil Exhibits Better Prevention Effects for Cardiovascular Risk Factors than Corn Oil in Adult of Albinos Wistar Male Rats. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 15, 663-680. doi: 10.4236/fns.2024.158042.
Giacobbe, J., Benoiton, B., Zunszain, P., Pariante, C.M., & Borsini, A. (2020). The Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Metabolites in Pre-Clinical Models of Psychiatric, Neurodegenerative, and Neurological Disorders. Front Psychiatry, 11, 122. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00122. PMID: 32180741; PMCID: PMC7059745.
Gigon, L., Yousefi, S., Karaulov, A., & Simon, H. (2021). Mechanisms of toxicity mediated by neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteins. Allergology International, 70(1), 30 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.003
Gu, Z., Zhu, P., Wang, Q., He, H., Xu, J., Zhang, L., Li, D., Wang, J., Hu, X., Ji, G., Zhang, L., & Liu, B. (2018). Obesity and lipid-related parameters for predicting metabolic syndrome in Chinese elderly population. Lipids In Health And Disease, 17(1), 289. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0927-x
Guo, M., Yang, L., Li, X., Tang, H., Li, X., Xue, Y., & Duan, Z. (2023). Antioxidant Efficacy of Rosemary Extract in Improving the Oxidative Stability of Rapeseed Oil during Storage. Foods, 12(19), 3583. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1219358
He, D., & Liu, L. (2019). Chapter 7 - Analytical Aspects of Rice Bran Oil, Rice Bran and Rice Bran Oil, AOCS Press. Pages 169-181.
Ichipi-Ifukor, P.C., Asagba, S.O., Nwose, C. et al. Palm oil extracts protected against cadmium chloride poisoning via inhibition of oxidative stress in rats. Bull Natl Res Cent 46, 5 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00688-7
International IDF Standards. (1991). International Dairy Federation, IDF-Square Vergote 41, Brussels, Belgium, sec, 74A
Jamwal, R., Kumari, S., Kelly, S., Cannavan, A., & Singh, D. K. (2020). Rapid detection of pure coconut oil adulteration with fried coconut oil using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate regression modelling. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 125,109250.
Kassem, A., Abbas, L., Coutinho, O., Opara, S., Najaf, H., Kasperek, D., Pokhrel, K., Li, X., & Tiquia-Arashiro, S. (2023). Applications of Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy in microbial cell biology and environmental microbiology: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Front Microbiology, 14, 1304081. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1304081.
Kaur, N., Chugh, V., & Gupta, A. K. (2014). Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods-a review. Journal of food science and technology, 51, 2289-2303.
Kelly, O., & Uadia, P. (2020). Hypolipidemic Activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Seed Oil and Its Mechanism of Action. Planta Medica International Open, 07(04), e170 e178. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1323-0786
Kinlen, D., Cody, D., & O’Shea, D. (2018). Complications of obesity. Journal of the association of physicians, 111(7), 437-443. https://doi.org/10.1093?qjmed?hcx152.
Liang, P., Chen, C., Zhao, S., Ge, F., Liu, D., Liu, B., Fan, Q., Han, B., & Xiong, X. (2013). Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the Oxidation and Peroxide Value Evaluation in Virgin Walnut Oil. Journal of Spectroscopy, Volume 2013, Article ID 138728, 5 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/138728
Loungaing, V. D., Djikeng, F. T., Teboukeu, G. B., Njike, H. F. N., Kamsu, G. T., & Womeni, H. M. (2022). Effect of Ginger Extracts on Palm Olein Quality during Frying and Impact of Fried Oils on Some Biological Parameters of Albino Wistar Rats. Journal Of Food Research, 11(3), 22. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v11n3p22
Martins, B. C., Da Silva Ribeiro, M., Teixeira, A. V. S., Peixoto, T. C., Lisboa, P. C., Martins, F. F., Souza-Mello, V., & Daleprane, J. B. (2024). Consumption of interesterified palm oil leads inflammation of white adipose tissue and triggers metabolic disturbances in mice on a high-fat diet. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 12530. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63488-9
Meral, D. (2022). Hipoksi ve Obezite Olgusunda Malondialdehit ve İndirgenmiş Glutatyon’un Bazı Sıçan Dokularında Karşılaştırılması. Phoenix Medical Journal, 4(2), 67 71. https://doi.org/10.38175/phnx.1093350
Jain, S.S., Ramanand, S.J., Ramanand, J.B., Akat, P.B., Patwardhan, M.H., Joshi, S.R.(2011). Evaluation of efficacy and safety of orlistat in obese patients. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism,15(2), 99-104. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.81938. PMID: 21731866; PMCID: PMC3125014.
Guerciolini, R. (1997). Mode of action of orlistat. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders, 3, S12-23. PMID: 9225172.
Moghbeli, M., Khedmatgozar, H., Yadegari, M., Avan, A., Ferns, G. A., & Mobarhan, M. G. (2020). Cytokines and the immune response in obesity-related disorders. Advances In Clinical Chemistry, 135 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2020.06.004
Montgomery, H., & Doymock, J. (1961). Colorimetric determination of nitric oxide. Analyst. 86: 414–416.
Moretto, E., & Fett, R. (1998). Tecnologia de oleos e gorduras vegetais na indústria de alimentos. Sao Paulo: Livraria Varela.
Niwanthi,W. R., Head, G. A., & Kaye, D. M. (2016). Say NO to Obesity-Related Hypertension. Hypertension, 67(5),813 819. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.06778
Oloko, S. A. (2019). Extraction of Oil from African Walnut Seed (Tetracarpidium conophorum). International Journal of Innovation Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(6), 45-62.
Othman, S. H., Nordin, N., Azman, N. A. A., Tawakkal, I. S. M. A., & Basha, R. K. (2019). Effects of nanocellulose fiber and thymol on mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of corn starch films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 183, 1352 1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.082
Oyem, J. C., Chris-Ozoko, L. E., Enaohwo, M. T., Otabor, F. O., Okudayo, V. A., & Udi, O. A. (2021). Antioxidative properties of Ocimum gratissimum alters Lead acetate induced oxidative damage in lymphoid tissues and hematological parameters of adult Wistar rats. Toxicology Reports, 8, 215 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.003
Poiana, M., Alexa, E., Munteanu, M., Gligor, R., Moigradean, D. & Mateescu, C. (2015). Use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect the changes in extra virgin olive oil by adulteration with soybean oil and high temperature heat treatment. Open Chemistry, 13(1), 000010151520150110. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2015-0110
Razny, U., Kiec-Wilk, B., Wator, L., Polus, A., Dyduch, G., Solnica, B., Malecki, M., Tomaszewska, R., Cooke, J. P., & Dembinska-Kiec, A. (2011). Increased nitric oxide availability attenuates high fat diet metabolic alterations and gene expression associated with insulin resistance. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 10(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-10-68
Sansbury, B. E., & Hill, B. G. (2014). Antiobesogenic role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Vitamins and hormones, 96, 323–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800254-4.00013-1
Saputri, F. C., Azmi, N. U., Puteri, M. U., Damayanti, N., Novita, V., Marisi, G., Oktavira, E., Sari, A. N., Ronaningtyas, K., & Herawati, E. (2023). High-Fat Diet Enhances Platelet Activation and Is Associated with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9 : An Animal Study. Nutrients, 15(20), 4463. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204463
Schmidt, F. M., Weschenfelder, J., Sander, C., Minkwitz, J., Thormann, J., Chittka, T., Mergl, R., Kirkby, K. C., Faßhauer, M., Stumvoll, M., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D., Hegerl, U., & Himmerich, H. (2015). Inflammatory Cytokines in General and Central Obesity and Modulating Effects of Physical Activity. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0121971. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121971
Schmidt, F.M., Weschenfelder, J., Sander, C., Minkwitz, J., Thormann, J., Chittka, T., Mergl, R., Kirkby, K.C., Faßhauer, M., Stumvoll, M., Holdt, L.M., Teupser, D., Hegerl, U., & Himmerich, H. (2015). Inflammatory cytokines in general and central obesity and modulating effects of physical activity. PLoS One, 10(3), e0121971. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121971.
Shahidi, F., & Wanasundara, U. N. (2008). Methods for measuring oxidative stability in edible oils. In Akoh, C.C. and Min D.B. (Eds). Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology, p. 387-388. New York, United States of America: CRC Press.
Shalom, T., Youn-Soo, C., & Kyung-Ah, K. (2020). Effect of vegetable oils with different Fatty acid composition on high-fat diet induced obesity and colon inflammation. Nutrition, Research and Practice, 14(5), 425-437 https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.
Sharma, S., & Jain, V. K. (2015). Acid Value of Various Domestic Uses Oil. Research Journal of Science And Technology, 7(2), 109. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-2988.2015.00012.1
Sinha, K. A. (1972) Colorimetric Assay of Catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47, 389-394.
Tan, C. H., Lee, C. J., Tan, S. N., Poon, D. T. S., Chong, C. Y. E., & Pui, L. P. (2021). Red Palm Oil: A Review on Processing, Health Benefits and Its Application in Food. Journal of Oleo Science, 70(9), 1201-1210. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess21108.
Tan, J. N., Saffian, S. M., Buang, F., Jubri, Z., Jantan, I., Husain, K., & Fauzi, N. M. (2020). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Genus Gynura: A Systematic Review. Frontiers In Pharmacology, 11, 504624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.504624
Tan, M., Yin, Y., Ma, X., Zhang, J., Pan, W., Tan, M., Zhao, Y., Yang, T., Jiang, T., & Li, H. (2023). Glutathione system enhancement for cardiac protection: pharmacological options against oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Cell death & disease, 14(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-05645-y
Tchiegang, C., Kapseu, C., & Parmentier, M. (2007). Chemical composition of oil from Tetracarpidium conophorum ((Müll. Arg.) Hutch. and Dalz.) NUTS. Journal of Food Lipids, 8(2), 95 102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2001.tb00187.x
Thomas, J. R., Martin, P., Etnier, J. L., & Silverman, S. J. (2022). Research methods in physical activity. Human kinetics. 8th Edition. ISBN: 9781718201026, 504 pages.
Tirado, A. G. (2023). Riesgo de muerte por insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva en pacientes anémicos de la población peruana. Horizonte Médico (Lima), 23(3), e2210. https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2023.v23n3.03
Ulfah, M., Tamanampo, N.C., & Sunardi. (2023). The Refining Capability of Palm Shell Activated Carbon for Waste Cooking Oil. Food Scientech Journal, 5 (1), 2685-4279.
Uti, D. E., Atangwho, I. J., Eyong, E. U., Umoru, G. U., Egbung, G. E., Nna, V. U., & Udeozor, P. A. (2019). African walnuts attenuate ectopic fat accumulation and associated peroxidation and oxidative stress in monosodium glutamate-obese Wistar rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 124, 109879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109879
Wang, X., Gu, Y., Lin, W., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Rapid quantitative authentication and analysis of camellia oil adulterated with edible oils by electronic nose and FTIR spectroscopy. Current Research In Food Science, 8, 100732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100732
World Health Organization. (2019). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Albracht-Schulte, K., Kalupahana, N.S., Ramalingam, L., Wang, S., Rahman, S.M., Robert-McComb, J., & Moustaid-Moussa, N. (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a mechanistic update. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 58, 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012.
Lee, T.S., Voon, T.P., Wai NG, K.T., Esa, N., Lee, M.K.V., Saad, A.H., & Loh, P.S. (2018). Effects of palm-based high-oleic blended cooking oil diet on selected biomarkers of inflammation and obesity compared to extra virgin olive oil diet in overweight Malaysian adults. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 30 (2), 289-298
Widjaja, E.E., Nugraha, I.G., & Sudigdoadi, S. (2018). The Influence of Coconut Oil and Palm Oil on Body Mass Index, Abdominal Circumference, and Fat Mass of Wistar Male Rats. Ejki, 6 (3), 172-176.
Martins, B.C., Da Silva Ribeiro, M., Teixeira, A.V.S., Peixoto, T.C., Lisboa, P.C., Martins, F.F., Souza-Mello, V., & Daleprane, J.B. (2024). Consumption of interesterified palm oil leads inflammation of white adipose tissue and triggers metabolic disturbances in mice on a high-fat diet. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 12530. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-63488-9. PMID: 38822155; PMCID: PMC11143230.
Uti DE, Atangwho IJ, Eyong EU, Umoru GU, Egbung GE, Rotimi SO, Nna VU. African Walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Modulate Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Obesity via Reciprocal Actions on HMG-CoA Reductase and Paraoxonase. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(3):365-379. doi: 10.2174/1871530319666190724114729. PMID: 31339080.
Uti, D.E., Atangwho, I.J., Eyong, E.U., Umoru, G.U., Egbung, G.E., Nna, V.U., & Udeozor, P.A. (2020). African walnuts attenuate ectopic fat accumulation and associated peroxidation and oxidative stress in monosodium glutamate-obese Wistar rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 124:109879. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109879. Epub 2020 Jan 25. PMID: 31991383.
Oriakhi, K., & Uadia, P. (2020). Hypolipidemic Activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Seed Oil and Its Mechanism of Action. Planta Medica International Open, 07(04), e170-e178
World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet no 311 January 2015. [cited 2016 20 April 2016; Available from] http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Yael, M., Parker, M., & Kashyap, S. R. (2021). Antiobesity drug therapy : An individualized and comprehensive approach. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 88(8), 440 448. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.88a.20080
Yagi K. 1976. A simple fluorometric assay for lipoperoxide in blood plasma. Biochem. Med. 15: 212–216
Wu, S.J., Liu, P.L., Ng, L.T. (2008). Tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil exhibits anti-inflammatory property by suppressing the expression of inflammatory mediators in human monocytic cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(8), 921-9. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700418.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.