Farklı Hayvan Türlerine Ait Et ve Yüzey Örneklerinden İzole Edilen Staphylococcus aureus Suşlarında Virülens Genlerinin Belirlenmesi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i7.1238-1244.6090Anahtar Kelimeler:
S. aureus, Coa, Gıda kaynaklı patojen, Et, Virülens genleri, PZRÖzet
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) insanlarda ve hayvanlarda patojen bir tür olup, dünyadaki gıda kaynaklı zehirlenmelerin en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada farklı hayvan türlerine (sığır, koyun, keçi ve tavuk) ait etlerde ve gıdaların temas ettiği yüzeylerden elde edilen örneklerde S. aureus’un koagülaz (coa), clumping faktör (clfA) ve protein A (spa-IgG; spa-X) gibi önemli virülens genlerinin moleküler yöntemlerle karakterize edilmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla Sivas ilindeki çeşitli işletmelerden et (n=400) ve yüzey svap (n=50) örnekleri toplandı. Örnekler fenotipik yöntemlerle koagülaz pozitif S. aureus olarak identifiye edildi. Koagülaz pozitif olarak doğrulanan izolatlara ait virülens genleri tekli ve mültipleks Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) ile incelendi. Toplamda 450 örneğin 110’unda (%24,4) S. aureus belirlendi. Bu izolatların %29, %24, %14, %32 ve %22 oranlarında sığır, koyun, keçi ve tavuk et örneklerinin yanı sıra yüzey örneklerinde de bulundu. S. aureus izolatlarının tamamında coa, clfA, spa’nın IgG bağlayan bölgesi ve X bölgesini kodlayan genler tespit edildi. Bu dört gen bölgesinin ikisinde polimorfizmler gözlendi. Coa-PZR’da, izolatların tamamında beş farklı moleküler uzunluğa sahip ve 500-1400 bç arasında değişen tek bir bant oluşumu bulundu. spa-X-PZR’da ise izolatların tamamında yedi farklı moleküler uzunluğa sahip ve 190-350 bç arasında değişen tek bir bant oluşumu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, et ve yüzey orijinli S. aureus izolatlarında coa-PZR ile spa gen polimorfizmleri tespitinin geleneksel yöntemlere karşı iyi bir alternatif olarak kullanılabileceği, dolayısıyla stafilokokal enfeksiyonlara karşı etkili kontrol stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve halk sağlığının korunmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Referanslar
Aarestrup FM, Dangler CA, Sordillo LM. 1995. Prevalence of coagulase gene polymorphism in Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing bovine mastitis. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 59: 124-128.
Aydin A, Sudagidan M, Muratoglu K. 2011. Prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxin genes and genetic-relatedness of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in the Marmara Region of Turkey. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 148(2): 99-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.007.
Aydın A, Aksu H. Arun ÖÖ. 2007. Evaluation of hygienic properties of food handlers and equipment in food production and sales units. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 63(9): 1067-1070.
Berry KA, Verhoef MT, Leonard AC, Cox G. 2022. Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to the host. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Journal, 1515(1): 75-96. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14807.
Castro A, Silva J, Teixeira P. 2018. Staphylococcus aureus, a food pathogen: Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. In: Holban AM, Grumezescu AM (editors). Foodborne Diseases, Academic Press, pp. 213-238, ISBN 978-0-12-811444-5.
Chen Q, Xie S. 2019. Genotypes, enterotoxin gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus associated with foodborne outbreaks in Hangzhou, China. Toxins, 11: 307. DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060307.
Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM. 2000. Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(1): 16-34.
EFSA/ECDC, 2022. European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report. EFSA Journal 20(12): 7666, 273. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7666, [Erişim Tarihi: 14 Ocak 2023].
Ercoli L, Gallina S, Nia Y, Auvray F, Primavilla S, Guidi F, ... Scuota S. 2017. Investigation of a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak from a Chantilly cream dessert, in Umbria (Italy). Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 14(7): 407-413. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2267.
Fox LK, Ferens WA, Bohach GA, Bayles KW, Davis WC. 2000. Stahylococcus aureus: Super Mastitis Pathogen. Proc. 39th Annual Meeting National Mastitis Council, Inc. Atlanta, GA. 98-103.
Frenay HM, Bunschoten AE, Schouls LM, van Leeuwen WJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Verhoef J, Mooi FR. 1996. Molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the basis of Protein A gene polymorphism. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 15: 60-64.
Goh S, Byrne SK, Zhang JL, Chow AW. 1992. Molecular typing of Stahylococcus aureus on the basis of coagulase gene polymorphisms. Journal of Clinical Microbiolog, 30 (7): 1642-1645.
Gökdağ MO, Çiftci A. 2021. Antibiotic resistance and virulence gene profiles in Staphylococci ısolated from cattle with mastitis. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(3): 395-402. DOI:10.35229/jaes.954156.
Jenul C, Horswill AR. 2018. Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Microbiology Spectrum, 7(2): 7-2. DOI:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0031-2018.
ISO, 1999. International Organization for Standardization, (EN ISO 6888-1), Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs: Horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species). Part 1: Technique using Baird-Parker agar medium. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Kadiroğlu P, Korel F, Ceylan Ç. 2019. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus cheese isolates with respect to virulence properties, genetic relatedness and antibiotic resistance profiles. Food and Health, 5(3): 149-159. DOI: 10.3153/FH19016.
Karahan M, Acik MN, Cetinkaya B. 2011. Investigation of virulence genes by PCR in Stapylococcus aureus isolates originated from subclinical bovine mastitis in Turkey. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 31(3): 249-253.
Karahan M, Acik MN, Cetinkaya B. 2009. Investigation of toxin genes by polymerase chain reaction in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in Turkey. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 6 (8): 1029-1035. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0304.
Keyvan E, Ozdemir H. 2016. Sığır Karkaslarında Staphylococcus aureus’un varlığı, enterotoksijenik özellikleri ve antimikrobiyal dirençliliği. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 63: 17-23.
Latifpour M, Narimani T, Sadeghi A, Niakan M. 2022. Determination of virulence factors and resistance profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains among different types of spa, agr, and SCCmec. BioMed Research International, 2022, 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5863310.
Legnani P, Leoni E, Berveglieri M, Mirolo G, Alvaro N. 2004. Hygienic control of mass catering establishments, microbiological monitoring of food and equipment. Food Control, 15 (3): 205-211. DOI: 10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00048-3.
Li X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Shi X, Wang J, Li K, ... Zhao C. 2022. Genomic analysis, antibiotic resistance, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus from food and food outbreaks: A potential public concern. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 16: 377, 109825. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109825.
Li S, Wan, P, Zhao J, Zhou L, Zhang P, Fu C, ... Wang X. 2018. Characterization of toxin genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus from retail raw chicken meat. Journal of Food Protection, 81(4): 528-533. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-309.
Li Z. 2018. A review of Staphylococcus aureus and the emergence of drug-resistant problem. Advances in Microbiology, 8(1): 65-76. DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.81006.
Maeda R, Kobayashi H, Higashidani M, Matsuhisa T, Sawa A, Miyake K, ... Yamanaka H. 2022. Molecular epidemiological and pharmaceutical studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated at hospitals in Kure City, Japan. Access Microbiology, 4(2): 000319. doi: 10.1099/acmi.0.000319.
Naorem RS, Urban P, Goswami G, Fekete C. 2020. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through genomics approach. 3 Biotech, 10(9): 401. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02387-y.
Normannoa G, Correntea M, La Salandra G, Dambrosio A, Quaglia NC, Parisib A, Greco G, Bellacicco AL, Virgilioc S, Celano GV. 2007. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods of animal origin product in Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 117(2): 219-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.04.006.
Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Carter ME, Donnelly WJ, Leonard FC. 2002. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Diseases. Wiley-Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford.
Pereira V, Lopes C, Castro A, Silva J, Gibbs P, Teixeira, P. 2009. Characterization for enterotoxin production, virulence factors, and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various foods in Portugal. Food Microbiolgy, 26(3): 278-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.12.008
Reinoso EB, El-Sayed A, Lammler C, Bogni C, Zschock M. 2008. Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans, bovine subclinical mastitis and food samples in Argentina. Microbiological Research, 163(3): 314-322. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.05.013.
Riffon R, Sayasith K, Khalil H, Dubreuil P, Drolet M, Lagace J. 2001. Development of a rapid and sensitive test for identification of major pathogens in bovine mastitis by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(7): 2584-2589. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.7.2584-2589.2001.
Sahin, S, Mogulkoc MN, Kalin R, Karahan M. 2020. Determination of the important toxin genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat samples, food handlers and food processing surfaces in Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 75(2): 42-49.
Saka E, Terzi Gulel G. 2018. Detection of enterotoxin genes and methicillin‐resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from water buffalo milk and dairy products. Journal of Food Science, 83(6): 1716-1722. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14172.
Salasıa SIO, Khusnan Z, Lämmler C., Zschöck M. 2004. Comparative studies on pheno and genotypic properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Central Java in Indonesia and Hesse in Germany. Journal of Veterinary Science, 5(2): 103-109.
Schlegelova J, Dendis M, Benedik J, Babak V, Rysanek D. 2003. Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows and humans on a farm differ in coagulase genotype. Veterinary Microbiology, 92(4): 327-334. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00409-1.
Seki K, Sakurada J, Seong HK, Murai M, Tachi H, Ishii H, Masuda S. 1998. Occurrence of coagulase serotype among Staphylococcus aureus strains ısolated from healthy ındividuals special reference to correlation with size of protein-A gene. Microbiolgy and Immunology, 42(5): 407-409. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1998.tb02302.x.
Stephan R, Annemuller C, Hassan AA, Lammler C. 2001. Characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in North-East Switzerland. Veterinary Microbiology, 78(4): 373-382. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00341-2.
Thomas S, Liu W, Arora S, Ganesh V, Ko YP, Höök M. 2019. The complex fibrinogen interactions of the Staphylococcus aureus coagulases. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 16; 9: 106. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00106. eCollection 2019.
Tiwari HK, Sapkota D, Sen MR. 2008. Evaluation of different tests for detection of Staphylococcus aureus using coagulase (coa) gene PCR as the gold standard. Nepal Medical College Journal, 10(2): 129-131.
Wang D, Zhang L, Zhou X, He Y, Yong C, Shen M, ... Han B. 2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from bovine mastitis in Ningxia, China. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(12): 9560-9569. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11625.
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
