Response of spring rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to different nitrogen application methods at Nawalparasi West, Nepal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i4.631-643.6702Keywords:
Benefit-cost ratio, nitrogen management, nano urea, leaf color chart, spring rice varieties, yield attributesAbstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation necessitates an adequate supply of nitrogen to achieve optimal growth and yield. This study, conducted in Nawalparasi West from February to June 2023, aimed to assess the effects of nitrogen management through a foliar spray of nano urea, compared to need-based nitrogen management using the Leaf Color Chart (LCC) and the Recommended Dose of urea Fertilizer (RDF) application. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, incorporating four nitrogen management levels (Control, RDF through urea fertilizer (120 kg/ha), 25% of RDF through basal urea (30 kg/ha) + nano urea, and 25% of RDF through basal urea (30 kg/ha) + (LCC) and two rice varieties (Chaite-5 and Hardinath-1). The results indicated that the LCC-based treatment produced the highest grain yield at 5.18 mt/ha, statistically similar to the yield of the nano urea-based treatment (5.04 mt/ha). The enhanced yields were attributed to more effective tillers per m² (260.17 tillers/m² and 253.17 tillers/m², respectively), longer panicle length (28.12 cm and 25.99 cm), more filled grains per panicle (210.03 and 215.73), and lower sterility percentage (24.93% and 26.95%). Despite comparable yields, nano urea application proved to be more cost-effective [97,926.10 Nepalese Rupees (NRs)] with a higher benefit-cost ratio (1.78) and greater ease of application for farmers compared to the LCC. Varietal responses varied, with Hardinath-1 exhibiting the highest yield with LCC-based nitrogen application (5.37 mt/ha), and Chaite-5 demonstrating the highest yield (4.778 mt/ha); with nano urea-based nitrogen application (5.31 mt/ha). Chaite-5 displayed a greater effective number of tillers per m² (241.42 tillers/m²) and filled grains per panicle (224.56). Consequently, it is suggested that nano urea-based nitrogen application, particularly in conjunction with a variety of Chaite-5, holds the potential for improved productivity.
References
Adhikari, S., Sah, S., Gautam, S., & Subedi, D. (2022). Leaf Color Chart-Based Nitrogen Management in Spring Rice at Rajapur, Bardiya, Nepal. SSRN Electronic Journal. 1-26. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4231116
Agriculture Information And Training Center (AITC). (2023). Agriculture and Livestock Diary 2080 (pp. 1–348). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Agiculture Information and Training Center. http://aitc.gov.np/downloadfile/agriculture%20diary%202080%20for%20web_1682660655.pdf (accessed on 19 November, 2023).
Alam, M., Ladha, J., S, K., Foyjunnessa, Rashid-ur-Harun, Khan, A. H., & RJ, B. (2005). Leaf Color Chart for Managing Nitrogen Fertilizer in Lowland Rice in Bangladesh. Agronomy Journal, 97, 949–959. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0206
Ali, M. M., Al-Ani, A., Eamus, D., & Tan, D. K. Y. (2017). Leaf nitrogen determination using non-destructive techniques–A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(7), 928–953. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2016.1143954
Astaneh, N., Bazrafshan, F., Zare, M., Amiri, B., & Bahrani, A. (2021). Nano-fertilizer prevents environmental pollution and improves physiological traits of wheat grown under drought stress conditions. Scientia Agropecuaria, 12(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.005
Balasubramanian, V., Morales, A. C., Cruz, R. T., & Abdulrachman, S. (1998). On-farm adaptation of knowledge-intensive nitrogen management technologies for rice systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 53(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009744605920
Baral, B., Pande, K., Gaihre, Y., Baral, K., Sah, S., Thapa, Y., & Singh, U. (2020). Increasing nitrogen use efficiency in rice through fertilizer application method under rainfed drought conditions in Nepal. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10086-6
Basavegowda, N., & Baek, K.-H. (2021). Current and future perspectives on the use of nanofertilizers for sustainable agriculture: The case of phosphorus nanofertilizer. 3 Biotech, 11(7), 357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02907-4 (accessed on 7 November, 2023).
Bhatia, A., Pathak, H., Jain, N., Singh, P. K., & Tomer, R. (2012). Greenhouse gas mitigation in rice-wheat system with leaf color chart-based urea application. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(5), 3095–3107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2174-8
Bhatt, S., & Ghimire, S. (2024). Quantifying the impact of nitrogen levels on spring maize varieties (Zea mays L.) in Kanchanpur, Nepal. Innovations in Agriculture, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.25081/ia.2023-043
Bhavana, B., Laxminarayana, P., Latha, A. M., & Anjaiah, T. (2020). Judicious Nitrogen Management using Leaf Colour Chart for Enhancing Growth and Yield of Short Duration Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(6), 2850–2856. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.345
Bijay-Singh, & Singh, V. K. (2017). Fertilizer Management in Rice. In B. S. Chauhan, K. Jabran, & G. Mahajan (Eds.), Rice Production Worldwide (pp. 217–253). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47516-5_10
Bremner, J. M., & Hauck, R. D. (2015). Advances in Methodology for Research on Nitrogen Transformations in Soils. In F. J. Stevenson (Ed.), Agronomy Monographs (pp. 467–502). American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr22.c13
Chen, X.-P., Cui, Z.-L., Vitousek, P. M., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., Bai, J.-S., Meng, Q.-F., Hou, P., Yue, S.-C., Römheld, V., & Zhang, F.-S. (2011). Integrated soil–crop system management for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(16), 6399–6404. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1101419108
Dawadi, B., Ghimire, S., & Gautam, N. (2023). Assessment of Productivity, Profit, and Problems Associated with Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Production in West Nawalparasi, Nepal. AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, 1(2), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.59983/s2023010205
Dimkpa, C. O., Fugice, J., Singh, U., & Lewis, T. D. (2020). Development of fertilizers for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency – Trends and perspectives. Science of The Total Environment, 731, 139113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139113 (accessed on 19 March, 2023).
Duttarganvi, S., Channabasavanna, A. S., Rao, S., & Halepyati, A. S. (2014). Effect of LCC and SPAD based nitrogen management on Growth and yield of low land rice (Oryza sativa L.). The Bioscan, 9(2), 663–665.
Fageria, N. K., Slaton, N. A., & Baligar, V. C. (2003). Nutrient management for improving lowland rice productivity and sustainability. Advances in agronomy, 80(1), 63-152.
Gautam, N., Ghimire, S., Kafle, S., & Dawadi, B. (2024). Efficacy of bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of cowpea varieties. Technology in Agronomy, 0(0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.48130/tia-0024-0004
Ghimire, S., Dhami, D., Shrestha, A., Budhathoki, J., Maharjan, M., Kandel, S., & Poudel Chhetri, B. (2023). Effectiveness of different combinations of urea and vermicompost on yield of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). Heliyon, 9(8), e18663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18663
Ghimire, S., Neupane, S., & Tharu, R. K. (2023). Comparative Study on the Seed Health of Five Commonly Cultivated Wheat Varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) in Nepal. AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, 1(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.59983/s2023010102
Ghimire, S., Poudel Chhetri, B., & Shrestha, J. (2023). Efficacy of different organic and inorganic nutrient sources on the growth and yield of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Heliyon, e22135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22135
Ghimire, S., & Rauniyar, U. K. (2023). Economic Analysis of Acid Lime Production and Marketing in Nepal: A Benefit-Cost Perspective from Nawalpur East District. Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID), 117(2), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-14510
Hasanuzzaman, M., Fujita, M., Filho, M. C. M. T., Nogueira, T. A. R., & Galindo, F. S. (2020). Sustainable Crop Production. BoD – Books on Demand, 1-338.
Houba, J., van Der Lee, J., Novozamsky, I., & Walinga, I. (1989). Soil and Plants Analysis. In Part 5, Soil Analysis Procedures. Wageningen University. (accessed on 3 February, 2023).
Iqbal, M., Umar, S., & Mahmooduzzafar. (2019). Nano-fertilization to Enhance Nutrient Use Efficiency and Productivity of Crop Plants. In A. Husen & M. Iqbal (Eds.), Nanomaterials and Plant Potential (pp. 473–505). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05569-1_19
Javed, T., I, I., Singhal, R. K., Shabbir, R., Shah, A. N., Kumar, P., Jinger, D., Dharmappa, P. M., Shad, M. A., Saha, D., Anuragi, H., Adamski, R., & Siuta, D. (2022). Recent Advances in Agronomic and Physio-Molecular Approaches for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 877544. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.877544
Kim, D.-Y., Kadam, A., Shinde, S., Saratale, R. G., Patra, J., & Ghodake, G. (2018). Recent developments in nanotechnology transforming the agricultural sector: A transition replete with opportunities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(3), 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8749
Krishnakumar, S., & Haefele, S. (2013). Integrated nutrient management and LCC based nitrogen management on soil fertility and yield of rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Scientific Research and Essays, 8(41), 2059–2067. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2013.5643
Lee, S. (2021). Recent Advances on Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice. Agronomy, 11(4), 753, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040753 (accessed on 17 November, 2023).
Lin, D.-X., Fan, X.-H., Hu, F., Zhao, H.-T., & Luo, J.-F. (2007). Ammonia Volatilization and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Response to Urea Application in Rice Fields of the Taihu Lake Region, China. Pedosphere, 17(5), 639–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60076-9
Maiti, D., Das, D. K., Karak, T., & Banerjee, M. (2004). Management of Nitrogen Through the Use of Leaf Color Chart (LCC) and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) or Chlorophyll Meter in Rice Under Irrigated Ecosystem. The Scientific World JOURNAL, 4, 838–846. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.137
Midde, S. K., Perumal, M., Murugan, G., Sudhagar, R., Sai, V., & Reddy, B. (2022). Evaluation of Nano Urea on Growth and Yield Attributes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). 211–214.
MoALD. (2022). Statistical Information On Nepalese Agriculture, 2021/22 (p. 274). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Planning & Development Cooperation Coordination Division, Statistics and Analysis Section. https://moald.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/STATISTICAL-INFORMATION-ON-NEPALESE-AGRICULTURE-2077-78.pdf (accessed on 19February, 2023).
Mozaffari, H., Moosavi, A. A., Baghernejad, M., & Cornelis, W. (2024). Revisiting soil texture analysis: Introducing a rapid single-reading hydrometer approach. Measurement, 228, 114330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114330
NASA. (2023). NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources- The Power Project. https://power.larc.nasa.gov /api/temporal/daily/point?parameters=QV2M,RH2M,PRECTOTCORR,T2M,T2MDEW,T2MWET,TS,T2M_RANGE,T2M_MAX,T2M_MIN,ALLSKY_SFC_LW_DWN&community=AG&longitude=83.5756&latitude=27.5523&start=20230101&end=20240308&format=CSV. (accessed on 15 August, 2023).
Nasiruddin, M., & Roy, R. C. (2012). Rice Field Insect Pests During the Rice Growing Seasons in Two Areas Of Hathazari, Chittagong. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 40(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12898
Pan, J., Liu, Y., Zhong, X., Lampayan, R. M., Singleton, G. R., Huang, N., Liang, K., Peng, B., & Tian, K. (2017). Grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different water management and fertilizer-N inputs in South China. Agricultural Water Management, 184, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.01.013
Papademetriou, M. K., Fao, B., Dent, F. J., & Herath, E. M. (2000). Rice production in the Asia-Pacific region: Issues and perspectives. Bangkok (Thailand) FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6905e/x6905e00.html (accessed on 20 February, 2023).
Pratt, P. F. (2016). Potassium. In A. G. Norman (Ed.), Agronomy Monographs (pp. 1022–1030). American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c20 (accessed on 20 March, 2023).
Puteh, A. B., Mondal, M. M. A., Ismail, Mohd. R., & Latif, M. A. (2014). Grain Sterility in relation to Dry Mass Production and Distribution in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/302179
Sabir, S., Arshad, M., & Chaudhari, S. K. (2014). Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Revolutionizing Agriculture: Synthesis and Applications. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, e925494. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/925494
Sahu, S. K., & Samant, P. K. (2006). Nitrogen Loss from Rice Soils in Orissa. Orissa Review, 67. https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/dec-2006/engpdf/dec.pdf#page=34 (accessed on 5 February, 2023).
Sahu, T. K., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Chandrakar, T., & Singh, D. (2022). Effect of nano urea application on growth and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the midland situation of Bastar region. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2022, 11(6), 185–187. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2022/vol11issue6/PartC/11-5-334-973.pdf
Sathiya, K., & Ramesh, T. (2009). Effect of split application of nitrogen on growth and yield of aerobic rice. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 23(1), 303–306.
Seleiman, M. F., Almutairi, K. F., Alotaibi, M., Shami, A., Alhammad, B. A., & Battaglia, M. L. (2020). Nano-Fertilization as an Emerging Fertilization Technique: Why Can Modern Agriculture Benefit from Its Use? Plants, 10(1), 2, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010002
Shahidullah, S. M., Hanafi, M. M., Ashrafuzzaman, M., Ismail, M. R., & Salam, M. A. (2009). Tillering dynamics in aromatic rice genotypes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11(5), 509–514.
Shrestha, S., Shrestha, J., Kc, M., Paudel, K., Dahal, B., Mahat, J., Ghimire, S. M., & Ghimire, P. (2022). Performance of spring rice cultivars against planting methods in Western Terai, Nepal. Tropical Agroecosystems, 3(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.26480/taec.01.2022.23.26
Shukla, A. K., Ladha, J. K., Singh, V. K., Dwivedi, B. S., Balasubramanian, V., Gupta, R. K., Sharma, S. K., Singh, Y., Pathak, H., Pandey, P. S., Padre, A. T., & Yadav, R. L. (2004). Calibrating the Leaf Color Chart for Nitrogen Management in Different Genotypes of Rice and Wheat in a Systems Perspective. Agronomy Journal, 96(6), 1606–1621. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1606
Singh, B., Singh, V., Singh, Y.-S., Kumar, A., Singh, J., Vashistha, M., Thind, H., & Gupta, R. (2016). Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Transplanted Rice Using Dynamic Threshold Greenness of Leaves. Agricultural Research, 5, 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-016-0213-y
Subedi, S., Sharma, S., Poudel, A., Adhikari, S., VKC, Subedi, S., Sharma, S., Poudel, A., Adhikari, S., & VKC. (2018). Varietal Evaluation and Preference Analysis of Promising Spring Rice Genotypes in Dhamilikuwa, Lamjung, Nepal. Open Journal of Plant Science, 3(1), 015–017. https://doi.org/10.17352/ojps.000009
Timilsina, S., Poudel, A., Timilsina, A., & Vista, S. (2018). Performance of Cold tolerant rice (Lumle-2) under different levels of nitrogen application at hill condition of Nepal. 29, 483–489.
Upadhyay, P. K., Dey, A., Singh, V. K., Dwivedi, B. S., Singh, T., G. A., R., Babu, S., Rathore, S. S., Singh, R. K., Shekhawat, K., Rangot, M., Kumar, P., Yadav, D., Singh, D. P., Dasgupta, D., & Shukla, G. (2023). Conjoint application of nano-urea with conventional fertilizers: An energy efficient and environmentally robust approach for sustainable crop production. PLOS ONE, 18(7), e0284009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284009
Vejan, P., Khadiran, T., Abdullah, R., & Ahmad, N. (2021). Controlled release fertilizer: A review on developments, applications and potential in agriculture. Journal of Controlled Release, 339, 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.003
Watanabe, F. S., & Olsen, S. R. (1965). Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Phosphorus in Water and NaHCO 3 Extracts from Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 29(6), 677–678. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900060025x
Yadav, M. R., Kumar, R., Parihar, C. M., Yadav, R. K., Jat, S. L., Ram, H., Meena, R. K., Singh, M., . B., Verma, A. P., Ghoshand, A., & Jat, M. L. (2017). Strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 38(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.v0iOF.7306
Yadvinder-Singh, Bijay-Singh, Ladha, J. K., Bains, J. S., Gupta, R. K., Jagmohan-Singh, & Balasubramanian, V. (2007). On-farm evaluation of leaf color chart for need-based nitrogen management in irrigated transplanted rice in northwestern India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 78(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9082-2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
