Effects of Farmyard Manure and Biochar Treatments on the Development and Water Use of Lettuce Under the Deficit Irrigation Regime
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i2.274-283.6662Keywords:
Biochar, Deficit Irrigation, Farmyard Manure, Lettuce, Marketable YieldAbstract
In this study, the effects of different organic matter additives [soil (control), 20 ton ha-1 farmyard manure, 20 ton ha-1 biochar, and 10 ton ha-1 farmyard manure+10 ton ha-1 biochar] to the soil of lettuce grown with different irrigation water levels [100% (full irrigation), 75% (25% deficit irrigation), 50% (50% deficit irrigation), and 25% (75% deficit irrigation)] on water and irrigation water productivity efficiencies and plant characteristics were investigated. Among the organic matter additives, the biochar reduced the amount of irrigation water and actual evapotranspiration of lettuce and increased its marketable yield, thus the highest water and irrigation water productivity efficiencies were obtained from biochar treatment. Despite the decreasing marketable yield in the 50% irrigation treatment, the proportionally decreasing amount of irrigation water and actual evapotranspiration caused the highest water and irrigation water productivity efficiencies to occur in the 50% irrigation treatment. While the root diameter, root fresh and dry weights, stem diameter and length, head fresh and dry weights, marketable leaf number and yield, chlorophyll, and leaf relative water content of lettuce decreased with decreasing irrigation water levels, root length and membrane damage increased. The effects of organic matter additives on all of these physical-physiological properties, except root diameter and membrane damage, were found to be significant, and the biochar provided the most effective development of these parameters under the deficit irrigation regime. Considering that the yield and yield characteristics in 75% irrigation treatment do not decrease at a very significant level compared to full irrigation (100%) and that these decreases can be compensated by biochar and that the farmyard manure+biochar as alternative treatment is also effective in improving the decrease in yield parameters, treatment of 10 ton ha-1 farmyard manure+10 ton ha-1 to the soil at 75% irrigation water level was found to be recommended in lettuce cultivation.
References
Ahmadi, S. H., Sepaskhah, A. R., & Zarei, M. (2018). Specific root length, soil water status, and grain yields of irrigated and rainfed winter barley in the raised bed and flat planting systems. Agriculture Water Management, 210, 304-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.08.031
Ahmed, R., Li, Y., Mao, L., Xu, C., Lin, W., Ahmed, S., & Ahmed, W. (2019). Biochar effects on mineral nitrogen leaching, moisture content, and evapotranspiration after 15N urea fertilization for vegetable crop. Agronomy, 9(6), 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060331
Al-Bayati, Y. F. A., & Sahin, M. (2018). Determination of water-yield parameters of lettuce plant in Konya open field conditions. Soil Water Journal, 7(2), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.460725
Alkhasha, A., Al-Omran, A., & Louki, I. (2019). Impact of deficit irrigation and addition of biochar and polymer on soil salinity and tomato productivity. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 99(4), 380-394. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0016
Amooh, M. K., & Bonsu, M. (2015). Effects of soil texture and organic matter on evaporative loss of soil moisture. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology, 3, 152-161.
Athar, H. R., & Ashraf, M. (2009). Strategies for crop improvement against salinity and drought stress: An overview. In: M. Ashraf, M. Ozturk & H. R. Athar (Eds.), Salinity and water stress: Improving crop efficiency (pp. 1-16). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9065-3_1
Baiamonte, G., Minacapilli, M., & Crescimanno, G. (2020). Effects of biochar on irrigation management and water use efficiency for three different crops in a desert sandy soil. Sustainability, 12(18), 7678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187678
Ballesteros, R., Ortega, J. F., & Moreno, M. Á. (2016). FORETo: New software for reference evapotranspiration forecasting. Journal of Arid Environments, 124, 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.08.006
Blanco-Canqui, H., Hergert, G. W., & Nielsen, R. A. (2015). Cattle manure application reduces soil compactibility and increases water retention after 71 years. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 79(1), 212-223. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.0252
Bojovic, B., & Markovic, A. (2009). Correlation between nitrogen and chlorophyll content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Kragujevac Journal of Science, 31, 69-74.
Bowman, W. D. (1989). The relationship between leaf water status, gas exchange, and spectral reflectance in cotton leaves. Remote Sensing of Environment, 30(3), 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(89)90066-7
Cakmakci, T., Cakmakci, O., & Sahin, U. (2022). The effect of biochar amendment on physiological and biochemical properties and nutrient content of lettuce in saline water irrigation conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(12), 2560-2570. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i12.2560-2570.5653
Cakmakci, T., & Sahin, U. (2021). Improving silage maize productivity using recycled wastewater under different irrigation methods. Agricultural Water Management, 255, 107051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107051
Cakmakci, T., & Sahin, U. (2022). Yield, physiological responses and irrigation water productivity of capia pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) at deficit irrigation and different biochar levels. Gesunde Pflanzen, 75(2), 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00703-5
Camoglu, G., Genc, L., & Asik, S. (2011). The effects of water stress on physiological and morphological parameters of sweet corn. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 48(2), 141-149.
Caroline, A. D. T., Debode, J., Vandecasteele, B., D’Hose, T., Cremelie, P., Haegeman, A., Ruttinki, T., Dawyndt, P., & Maes, M. (2016). Biological, physicochemical and plant health responses in lettuce and strawberry in soil or peat amended with biochar. Applied Soil Ecology, 107, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.05.001
Carter, S., Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Suy, T. B., & Haefele, S. (2013). The impact of biochar application on soil properties and plant growth of pot grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica chinensis). Agronomy, 3(2), 404-418. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3020404
Chala, M., & Yohannes, K. W. (2015). Effect of irrigation application levels on yield and water productivity of drip irrigated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Gedio Zone, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4, 229-234.
Charles Gould M. (2015, January 1). Compost increases water holding capacity of droughty soils. https://www.manuremanager.com/compost-increases-water-holding-capacity-of-droughty-soils-18241/
Dediu, L., Cristea, V., & Xiaoshuan, Z. (2012). Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(9), 2349-2358. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2829
Eaton, M., Shelford, T., Cole, M., & Mattson, N. (2023). Modeling resource consumption and carbon emissions associated with lettuce production in plant factories. Journal of Cleaner Production, 384, 135569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135569
Ekinci, R., & Basbag, S. (2019). Determination of effects of deficit irrigation on some morphological properties of cotton (G. hirsutum L.). Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(4), 792-800. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.621589
Falkenmark, M., & Molden, D. (2008). Wake up to realities of river basin closure. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620701723570
Fang, Y., Singh, B., Singh, B. P., & Krull, E. (2014). Biochar carbon stability in four contrasting soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 65(1), 60-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12094
Galadima, M. M., Aziz, A. L. A., Yilmaz, E., & Uz, I. (2020). Effect of biochar applications on certain quality parameters and lettuce yield (Lactuca sativa L.). Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 33(3), 417-424. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.804581
Gencoglan, C., Akinci, I. E., Ucan, K., Akinci, S., & Gencoglan, S. (2006). Response of red hot pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) to the deficit irrigation. Journal of Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture, 19(1), 131-138.
Jamei, R., Heidari, R., Khara, J., & Zare, S. (2009). Hypoxia induced changes in the lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species generation, and antioxidative response systems in Zea mays leaves. Turkish Journal of Biology, 33(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0807-14
Kadayifci, A., Tuylu, G. I., Ucar, Y., & Cakmak, B. (2004). Effects of mulch and irrigation water amounts on lettuce’s yield, evapotranspiration, transpiration and soil evaporation in Isparta location, Turkey. Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 751-755. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.751.755
Keith, A., Singh, B., & Singh, B. P. (2011). Interactive priming of biochar and labile organic matter mineralization in a smectite-rich soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(22), 9611-9618. https://doi.org/10.1021/es202186j
Kul, R., Arjumend, T., Ekinci, M., Yildirim, E., Turan, M., & Argin, S. (2021). Biochar as an organic soil conditioner for mitigating salinity stress in tomato. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 67(6), 693-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2021.1998924
Kurunc, A. (2021). Effects of water and salinity stresses on growth, yield, and water use of iceberg lettuce. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(13), 5688-5696. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11223
Kuslu, Y., Dursun, A., Sahin, U., Kiziloglu, F. M., & Turan, M. (2008). Effect of deficit irrigation on curly lettuce grown under semiarid conditions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(4). 714-719. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2008064-367
Le Houérou, H. N. (1996). Climate change, drought and desertification. Journal of Arid Environments, 34(2), 133-185. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1996.0099
Liu, X., Zhang, A., Ji, C., Joseph, S., Bian, R., Li, L., Pan, G., & Paz-Ferreiro, J. (2013). Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions-a meta-analysis of literature data. Plant and Soil, 373, 583-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1806-x
Marcinska, I., Czyczylo-Mysza, I., Skrzypek, E., Filek, M., Grzesiak, S., Grzesiak, M. T., Janowiak, F., Hura, T., Dziurka, M., Dziurka, K., Nowakowska, A., & Quarrie, S. A. (2013). Impact of osmotic stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in drought-susceptible and drought-resistant wheat genotypes. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35, 451-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1088-6
Montenegro, M., Silva, A. Z., & Pedraza, R. O. (2011). Effect of water availability on physiological performance and lettuce crop yield (Lactuca sativa). Ciencia E İnvestigación Agraria: Revista Latinoamericana De Ciencias De La Agricultura, 38(1), 65-74.
Oliveira, A. S. D., Martin, E. C., Slack, D. C., Pegelow, E. J., & Folta, A. D. (2005). Water use and crop coefficient of subsurface drip-irrigated lettuce in Central Arizona. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 9, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662005000100006
Ors, S., Ekinci, M., Yildirim, E., Sahin, U., Turan, M., & Dursun, A. (2021). Interactive effects of salinity and drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics and physiology of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings. South African Journal of Botany, 137, 335-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.10.031
Puhringer, H. (2016). Effects of different biochar application rates on soil fertility and soil water retention in on-farm experiments on smallholder farms in Kenya. SWS-Rundschau, 56(1), 75-96.
Qianqian, M., Haider, F. U., Farooq, M., Adeel, M., Shakoor, N., Jun, W., Jiaying, X., Wang, X. W., Panjun, L., & Cai, L. (2022). Selenium treated Foliage and biochar treated soil for improved lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth in Cd-polluted soil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 335, 130267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130267
Sahin, U., Ekinci, M., Kiziloglu, F. M., Yildirim, E., Turan, M., Kotan, R., & Ors, S. (2015). Ameliorative effects of plant growth promoting bacteria on water-yield relationships, growth, and nutrient uptake of lettuce plants under different irrigation levels. HortScience, 50(9), 1379-1386. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.9.1379
Sahin, U., Kuslu, Y., Kiziloglu, F. M., & Cakmakci, T. (2016). Growth, yield, water use and crop quality responses of lettuce to different irrigation quantities in a semi-arid region of high altitude. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 18(3), 195-202.
Soureshjani, H. K., Nezami, A., Kafi, M., & Tadayon, M. (2019). Responses of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 213, 270-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.038
Xiang, Y., Deng, Q., Duan, H., & Guo, Y. (2017). Effects of biochar application on root traits: a meta‐analysis. GCB Bioenergy, 9(10), 1563-1572. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12449
Yerli, C., Cakmakci, T., & Sahin, U. (2022). CO2 emissions and their changes with H2O emissions, soil moisture, and temperature during the wetting–drying process of the soil mixed with different biochar materials. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 13(12), 4273-4282. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2022.293
Yildirim, E., Ekinci, M., & Turan, M. (2021). Impact of biochar in mitigating the negative effect of drought stress on cabbage seedlings. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21(3), 2297-2309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00522-z
Zhang, X., Qin, W., Chen, S., Shao, L., & Sun, H. (2017). Responses of yield and WUE of winter wheat to water stress during the past three decades-A case study in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 179, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.05.004
Zhang, Z., Dong, X., Wang, S., & Pu, X. (2020). Benefits of organic manure combined with biochar amendments to cotton root growth and yield under continuous cropping systems in Xinjiang, China. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 4718. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61118-8
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
