Agronomic Management of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.): A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12is1.2166-2179.7102Keywords:
Pulse crop, importance, agronomic practices, yield improvementAbstract
The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a winter crop that can be cultivated as a versatile crop. It’s yield and quality being strongly influenced by environmental and agronomic factors, nutritional content, medicinal properties, and ability to fix nitrogen biologically. Therefore, to maximize advantages of faba bean cultivation, choosing the appropriate varieties, planting times, techniques, plant density, depth of sowing, and ensuring proper crop nutrients and irrigation is essential. For successful faba bean production in subtropical climates, it's important to assess the performance of different varieties under these specific conditions. Planting dates and soil temperature are crucial for germination, growth, and yield. At the same time, the crop's performance is also influenced by sowing methods, plant density, sowing depth, and water and fertilizer management. Integrating faba beans into cropping systems is expected to offer various ecological benefits. This paper reviews the existing literature on the agronomic practices of faba beans.
References
Abd-Alla, M. H., El-Enany, A. W. E., Nafady, N. A., Khalaf, D. M., & Morsy, F. M. (2014). Synergistic interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a plant growth promoting biofertilizers for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in alkaline soil. Microbiological research, 169(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.007
Abdel-Kader, M., El-Mougy, N., & Lashin, S. (2011). Essential oils and Trichoderma harzianum as an integrated control measure against faba bean root rot pathogens. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 51(3), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045-011-0050-8
Abdel-Razik, S. A., Sallam, N. M. A., Eraky, A. M. I., & Hassan, M. H. A. (2012). Integrated control of root rot and wilt disease of faba bean by soil amendment with suppressive compost in combination with seed coating with an antagonistic yeast. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 45(14), 1692–1704. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.702464.
Abera, T., Semu, E., Debele, T., Wegary, D., & Kim, H. (2015). Effects of faba bean break crop and N rates on subsequent grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of highland maize varieties in Toke Kutaye, western Ethiopia. American Journal of Research Communication, 3(10), 32-72.
Al-Rifaee, M. O. H. D., Turk, M. A., & Tawaha, A. R. M. (2004). Effect of seed size and plant population density on yield and yield components of local faba bean (Vicia faba L. Major). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(2), 294-299.
Aschi, A., Aubert, M., Riah-Anglet, W., Nélieu, S., Dubois, C., Akpa-Vinceslas, M., & Trinsoutrot-Gattin, I. (2017). Introduction of faba bean in crop rotation: Impacts on soil chemical and biological characteristics. Applied Soil Ecology, 120, 219-228.
Badr, E. A., Wali, A. M., & Amin, G. A. (2013). Effect of sowing dates and biofertilizer on growth attributes, yield and its components of two faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars. World Applied Sciences Journal, 28(4), 494-498.
BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2017). Yearbook of Agricultural statistics. BBS, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Statistics and Informatics Division, Bangladesh, Dhaka. pp. 101.
Bhardwaj, S., Parkash, J.M., Bhardwaj, K.K., Kumar, N., Ahlawat, I., & Pareek, A. (2024). Zero tillage in combination with seed treatment by different biofertilizers increased soil organic carbon, macro and micro-nutrients status and nodulation under Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Legume Research - An International Journal, 47, 1203-1207. Doi: 10.18805/LR-4971.
Bhardwaj, S., Sutaliya, J. M., Parkash, R., Bhardwaj, K. K., Kumar, N., Ahlawat, I., & Pareek, A. (2024). Zero tillage in combination with seed treatment by different biofertilizers increased soil organic carbon, macro and micronutrients status and nodulation under faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Legume Research: An International Journal, 47(7):1203-1207. DOI: 10.18805/LR-4971
Bhomik, I.C., Rashid, M.H.O., Paul, N.C., Yesmin, M.M., Saha, K.K., Rashid, M.H., & Paul, S.K. (2022). Application of rhizobia boosts the growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under field condition. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture, 7(3): 206–215. doi: 10.5455/faa.110106
Birch, N. (1985). Field evaluation of resistance to black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, in close relatives of the Faba bean, Vicia faba. Annals of Applied Biology, 106(3), 561-569.
Biswas, B. K. (1988). Genotype and environment interaction in faba bean (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University).
Bond, D.A., Lawes, D.A., Hawtin, G.C., Saxena, M.C. & Stephens, J.S. (1985). Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.). Pp. 199-265. In: R.J. Summer field and E.H. Roberts (eds.), Grain Legume Crops. William Collins Sons Co.Ltd.8 Grafic street, London WIX 3LA, UK.
Buruchara, R. A., Mukaruziga, C., & Ampofo, K. O. (2010). Bean disease and pest identification and management. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/54343
Cazzato, E., Tufarelli, V., Ceci, E., Stellacci, A. M., & Laudadio, V. (2012). Quality, yield and nitrogen fixation of faba bean seeds as affected by sulphur fertilization. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B–Soil & Plant Science, 62(8), 732-738. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2012.698642
Chakraverty, A., Ramaswamy, H. S.,& Mujumdar, A. S. (2013). Structure and composition of cereal grains and legumes, Handbook of Postharvest Technology. CRC Press, NY: 21–36.Choudhary, B.R. (2014). Vegetables. Kalyani Publishers, 175-176.
Çilesiz, Y., Nadeem, M. A., Gürsoy, N., Kul, R., & Karaköy, T. (2023). Assessing the cooking and quality traits diversity in the seeds of faba bean germplasm. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 47(4), 448-466. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-011X.3101
Crépon, K., Marget, P., Peyronnet, C., Carrouée, B., Arese, P., & Duc, G. (2010). Nutritional value of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds for feed and food. Field crops research, 115(3), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.016
Ding, Z., Ali, E. F., Almaroai, Y. A., Eissa, M. A., & Abeed, A. H. (2021). Effect of potassium solubilizing bacteria and humic acid on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants grown on sandy loam soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21, 791-800.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00401-z
Dong, Y., Dong, K., Zheng, Y., Tang, L., & Yang, Z. X. (2014). Faba bean fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) control and its mechanismin different wheat varieties and faba bean intercropping system. Chin. Journal of Applied Ecology. 25 (7), 1979–1987. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.20140505.001
Duc, G., Aleksić, J. M., Marget, P., Mikic, A., Paull, J., Redden, R. J. & Torres, A. M. (2015). Faba bean. Grain legumes, 141-178.
Duke, J. (2012). Handbook of legumes of world economic importance. Springer Science & Business Media.
El-Gazzar, N., El-Hai, K. M. A., Teama, S. A., & Rabie, G. H. (2023). Enhancing Vicia faba’s immunity against Rhizoctonia solani root rot diseases by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nano chitosan. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1), 403.
El-Habbasha, S.F., Hozayn, M. and Khalafallah, M.A. (2007). Integration effect between phosphorus levels and bio-fertilizers on quality and quantity yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L) in newly cultivated sandy soils. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 966-971.
El-Mehy, A. A., El-Gendy, H. M., Aioub, A. A., Mahmoud, S. F., Abdel-Gawad, S., Elesawy, A. E., & Elnahal, A. S. (2022). Response of faba bean to intercropping, biological and chemical control against broomrape and root rot diseases. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(5), 3482-3493. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.032.
El-Mougy, N.S., & Abdel-Kader, M.M. (2008). Long-term activity of bio-priming seed treatment for biological control of faba bean root rot pathogens. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37, 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP08043
El-Yazid, A. A., Abou-Ali, H. A., Mady, M. A., & Moussa. S. A. M. (2007). Enhancing growth, productivity and quality of squash plants by using phosphate dissolving microorganisms (bio phosphor) combined with boron foliar spray. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences,3(4), 274-286.
Emeran, A. A., Sillero, J. C., Fernández-Aparicio, M., & Rubiales, D. (2011). Chemical control of faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae). Crop Protection, 30, 907–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.02.004
Etemadi, F., Hashemi, M., Barker, A. V., Zandvakili, O. R., & Liu, X. (2019). Agronomy, nutritional value, and medicinal application of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Horticultural Plant Journal, 5(4), 170-182.
Etemadi, F., Hashemi, M., Mangan, F., & Weis, S. (2015). Fava beans; Growers guide in New England. The Center for Agric., Food and the Environ., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst. http://ag. umass. edu/sites/ag. umass. edu/files/research-reports/fava_bean_ guide_2. pdf (accessed 28 Mar. 2017).
Etemadi, F., Hashemi, M., Shureshjani, R. A., & Autio, W. R. (2017). Application of data envelopment analysis to assess performance efficiency of eight faba bean varieties. Agronomy Journal, 109(4), 1225-1231.
FAO- IFA (2000). Fertilizers and Their Use. 4th edition, FAO, Rome.
Fasusi, O. A., Cruz, C., & Babalola, O. O. (2021). Agricultural Sustainability: Microbial Biofertilizers in Rhizosphere Management. Agriculture 2021, 11, 163.
Fouad, M., Mohammed, N., Aladdin, H., Ahmed, A., Xuxiao, Z., Shiying, B., & Tao, Y. (2013). Faba bean. In Genetic and genomic resources of grain legume improvement (pp. 113-136). Elsevier.
Frenda, A. S., Ruisi, P., Saia, S., Frangipane, B., Di Miceli, G., Amato, G., & Giambalvo, D. (2013). The critical period of weed control in faba bean and chickpea in Mediterranean areas. Weed Science, 61(3):452-459. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-12-00137.1
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner,G.P., Green,P.A., Holland,E.A.,&Karl,D.M. (2004). Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry, 70, 153-226.
Gasim, S., & Link, W. (2007). Agronomic performance and the effect of self-fertilization on German winter faba beans. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(1), 121-128.
Gasim, S., Hamad, S. A., Abdelmula, A., & Mohamed Ahmed, I. A. (2015). Yield and quality attributes of faba bean inbred lines grown under marginal environmental conditions of Sudan. Food science & nutrition, 3(6), 539-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.245
Gezahegn, A. M., Tesfaye, K., Sharma, J. J., & Belel, M. D. (2016). Determination of optimum plant density for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) on vertisols at Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1224485.
Gillard, C. L., Conner, R. L., Howard, R. J., Pauls, K. P., Shaw, L., & Taran, B. (2009). The performance of dry bean cultivars with and without common bacterial blight resistance in field studies across Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 89(2), 405-410. https://doi.org/10.4141/CJPS0804
Głowacka, A., Gruszecki, T., Szostak, B., & Michałek, S. (2019). The response of common bean to sulphur and molybdenum fertilization. International Journal of Agronomy, 2019(1), 3830712. DOI:10.1155/2019/3830712
Haile, M., Adugna, G., & Lemessa, F. (2016). Reactions of improved faba bean varieties to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) epidemics across contrasting altitudes in southwest Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(10), 837-848. DOI:10.5897/AJAR2014.9316
Harker, K. N., O’Donovan, J. T., Smith, E. G., Johnson, E. N., Peng, G., Willenborg, C. J., Gulden, R.H., Mohr, R., Gill K.S., & Grenkow, L. A. (2015). Seed size and seeding rate effects on canola emergence, development, yield and seed weight. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 95(1), 1-8.
Harveson, R. M., & Schwartz, H. F. (2007). Bacterial diseases of dry edible beans in the central high plains. Plant health progress, 8(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2007-0125-01-DG
Heyman, F., Blair, J. E., Persson, L., & Wikström, M. (2013). Root rot of pea and faba bean in southern Sweden caused by Phytophthora pisi sp. Nov. Plant Disease, 97(4), 461-471. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-12-0823-RE
Hundessa, N., Dechassa, N., & Negewo, T. (2022). A Manual for Integrated Weed Management in Faba Bean.
Huthily, K. H., Al-Shoaily, A. K. N., & Alfaris, M. A. (2020). Response of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) to different depths of tillage and spraying with yeast extract. Research on Crops, 21(1), 59-64.
Jensen, E. S., Peoples, M. B., & Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. (2010). Faba bean in cropping systems. Field Crops Research, 115(3), 203-216.
Kang, S., McKenzie, B. A., & Hill, G. D. (2008). Effect of irrigation on growth and yield of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130240243
Karkanis, A., Ntatsi, G., Lepse, L., Fernández, J. A., Vågen, I. M., Rewald, B., Alsiņa, I., Kronberga, A., Balliu, A., Olle, M. & Bodner, G., (2018). Faba bean cultivation–revealing novel managing practices for more sustainable and competitive European cropping systems. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01115.
Kawochar, M. A., Ullah, M. J., Sardar, S. A., Saha M. K., & Mannaf, M. A. (2010). Effect of sowing date and fertilizer on yield and yield attributes of faba bean (Vicia faba). Journal of Experimental Bioscience, 1(1): 43-48.
Khan, H. R., Paull, J. G., Siddique, K. H. M., & Stoddard, F. L. (2010). Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Research, 115(3), 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.003
Köpke, U., & Nemecek, T. (2010). Ecological services of faba bean. Field crops research, 115(3), 217-233.
Kora, D., Hussein, T., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Management of chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae L.) on faba bean in Bale Highland’s, Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Sciences, 7(1), 120-129.
Kumar, V., Singh, J. & Kumar, P. (2019). Heavy metals accumulation in crop plants: Sources, response mechanisms, stress tolerance and their effects. In: Contaminants in Agriculture and Environment: Health Risks and Remediation, 1, pp. 38, https://doi.org/10.26832/AESA-2019-CAE-0161-04
Lee, M. K., Kim, D. G., Kim, J. M., Ryu, J., Eom, S. H., Hong, M. J., Jang, Y.E., Ha, B.K. ,& Kwon, S. J. (2018). Selection of the elite lines with high adaptability to autumn sowing of South Korea in faba bean. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, 6(1), 57-64.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants 2nd edn. Institute of Plant Nutrition University of Hohenheim: Germany.
Martinez-Romero, E. (2003). Diversity of Rhizobium-Phaseolus vulgaris symbiosis: overview and perspectives. Plant and Soil, 252, 11-23.
Meital, A., Avi, D., Liel, G., Aharon, B., Orit, A. S., & Shmuel, G. (2023). Effects of Soaking, Cooking, and Steaming Treatments on the Faba Bean Seeds’ Total Bioactive Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 11(1), 96-101.
Merga, B., Egigu, M. C., & Wakgari, M. (2019). Reconsidering the economic and nutritional importance of faba bean in Ethiopian context. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5,1683938. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2019.1683938
Miah, M. A. S., Mondal, M., Jha, S., Sarkar, S. K., Hasan, A. K. & Paul, S. K. (2023). Response of sulphur fertilization and weed management to performance of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Research in Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, 10(1): 33-42. https://doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v10i1.66217
Multari, S., Stewart, D., & Russell, W. R. (2015). Potential of fava bean as future protein supply to partially replace meat intake in the human diet. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 14(5), 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12146
Nadal, S., Suso, M. J., & Moreno, M. T. (2003). Management of Vicia faba genetic resources: changes associated to the selfing process in the major, equina and minor groups. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 50, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022944017530
Ntatsi, G., Karkanis, A., Yfantopoulos, D., Olle, M., Travlos, I., Thanopoulos, R., Bilalis, D., Bebeli, P. ,& Savvas, D. (2018). Impact of variety and farming practices on growth, yield, weed flora and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba bean cultivated for fresh seed production. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 68(7), 619-630.
Nuessly, G. S., Hentz, M. G., Beiriger, R., & Scully, B. T. (2004). Insects associated with faba bean, Vicia faba (Fabales: Fabaceae), in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist, 87(2), 204-211.
Ouda, S. A., Shreif, M. A., & Abou Elenin, R. (2010). Increasing water productivity of faba bean grown under deficit irrigation at middle Egypt. Proceedings of the 14th International Water Technology Conference, March 21-23, 2010, Cairo, Egypt. pp. 345-55
Parr, M., Grossman, J. M., Reberg‐Horton, S. C., Brinton, C., & Crozier, C. (2011). Nitrogen delivery from legume cover crops in no‐till organic corn production. Agronomy Journal, 103(6), 1578-1590.
Patel, J. B., Bhatiya, V. J., Babariya, C. A., & Sondarva, J. (2016). Effect of seed size on seedling vigour, plant growth, seed yield and its parameters: A review. Research in Environment and. Life Science, 9, 859-864.
Paul, S. K., & Gupta, D. R. (2021). Faba bean (Vicia faba l.), a promising grain legume crop of Bangladesh: a review. Agricultural Reviews, 42(3), 292-299. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.R-203
Paul, S. K., Gupta, D. R., Mahmud, N. U., Muzahid, A. N. M., & Islam, M. T. (2022). First report of collar and root rot of faba bean caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2 IIIB in Bangladesh. Plant Disease, 106(3), 1072. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-21-1603-PDN
Paul, S. K., Mondal, M., Sarker, U. K., & Sarkar, S. K. (2021). Response of yield and seed quality of faba bean (Vicia faba) to irrigation and nutrient management. Research on Crops, 22(2), 256-264. https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2021.066
Paul, S.K., Gupta, D.R., Mahapatra, C.K., Hossain, D.M., & Islam, T. (2023). First occurrence of Sclerotium rolfsii associated with collar rot disease of faba bean in Bangladesh. Journal of Plant Pathology. 105(2), 633-634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-023-01350-z
Ramasamy, M., Geetha, T., & Yuvaraj, M. (2020). Role of biofertilizers in plant growth and soil health. Nitrogen Fixation; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2020; p. 1.
Ramirez-Moreno, J. M., Salguero Bodes, I., Romaskevych, O. ,& Duran-Herrera, M. C. (2015). Broad bean (Vicia faba) consumption and Parkinson’s disease: a natural source of L-dopa to consider. Neurol. 30, 375-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2013.08.006
Rodelas, B., Gonzalez-Lopez, J., Pozo, C., Salmeron, V., & Martınez-Toledo, M. V. (1999). Response of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to combined inoculation with Azotobacter and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae. Applied Soil Ecology, 12(1), 51-59.
Rokhzadi, A., Asgharzadeh, A., Darvish, F., Nour-Mohammadi, G., & Majidi, E. (2004). Influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on dry matter accumulation and yield of chickpea. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 3(2), 253-257.
Roy, S., Das, S., Saha, K. K., Rahman, M. R., Sarkar, S. K., Rashid, M. H., & Paul S. K. (2022). Growth and seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as influenced by zinc and boron micronutrients. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture, 7(2): 139–149. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.106842
Rubiales, D. (2010). Faba beans in sustainable agriculture. Field Crops Research, 115, 201–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.11.002
Rubiales, D., & Khazaei, H. (2022). Advances in disease and pest resistance in faba bean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 135 (11), 3735–3756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-04022-7
Rubiales, D., & Mikic, A. (2015). Introduction: legumes in sustainable agriculture. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 34(1-3), 2-3.
Sahile, S., Fininsa, C., Sakhuja, P. K., & Ahmed, S. (2010). Yield loss of faba bean (Vicia faba) due to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) in sole and mixed cropping systems in Ethiopia. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protection, 43, 1144–1159. doi: 10.1080/03235400802343791
Sahile, S., Sakhuja, P.K., Fininsa, C., & Ahmed. S. (2011). Potential antagonistic fungal species from Ethiopia for biological control of chocolate spot disease of faba bean. African Crop Science Journal, 19 (3), 213 – 225.
Schwartz, H. F., Steadman, J. R., Hall, R., Forster, R. L. (2005). Compendium of Bean Diseases, Second ed APS Press, CO.G
Sharaan, A. N., Ekram, A., Megawer, H. A. S., & Hemida, Z. A. (2004). Seed yield, yield components and quality character as affected by cultivars, sowing dates and planting distances in faba bean. Bull. Agric. Econ. Min. Agric. Egypt. http://fayoum.edu.eg/Agriculture/Crops/pdf/Fabapaper3.pdf
Sheikh, M.A.K., Paul, S.K. & Sarkar, M.A.R. (2020). Effect of spacing and Rhizobium inoculum on the yield and quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University, 18(2): 245-251. https://doi.org/10.5455/JBAU.91870
Sillero, J. C., Rojas-Molina, M. M., Emeran, A. A., & Rubiales, D. (2011). Rust resistance in faba beans. Grain legumes, 56, 27-28.
Singh, A. K., & Bhatt, B. P. (Eds.). (2012). Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.): A potential leguminous crop of India. ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region.
Singh, A. K., Bharati, R. C., Manibhushan, N. C., & Pedpati, A. (2013). An assessment of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) current status and future prospect. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(50), 6634-6641.
Singh, R.J., & Jauhar, P.P., (2005). Genetic resources, Chromosome engi-neering, and Crop Improvement Series, 1. CRC press.
Stoddard, F. L., Nicholas, A. H., Rubiales, D., Thomas, J., & Villegas-Fernández, A. M. (2010). Integrated pest management in faba bean. Field Crops Research, 115, 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.07.002
Subash, N., & Priya, N. (2012). Climatic requirements for optimizing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production. In F. Bean & L. Vicia faba (Eds.), a potential legume for India (pp. 197–204). Singh and Bhatt. ICAR, RC for ER.
Tar'An, B., Michaels, T. E., & Pauls, K. P. (2001). Mapping genetic factors affecting the reaction to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under field conditions. Genome, 44(6), 1046-1056.
Tawaha, A. M., & Turk, M. A. (2001). Crop-weed competition studies in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under rainfed conditions. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 49(3), 299-303.
Timofeeva, A.M., Galyamova, M.R., & Sedykh, S.E. (2023). Plant Growth-Promoting Soil Bacteria: Nitrogen Fixation, Phosphate Solubilization, Siderophore Production, and Other Biological Activities. Plants (Basel), 12(24), 4074. doi: 10.3390/plants12244074.
Tkachuk, C. (2020). Faba Bean Agronomy. The Bean Report.[Online] https://www. manitobapulse. ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/The-Bean-Report June-2018. pdf. Accessed July, 14, 2020.
Tomaszewski, Z., Idzkowska, M., & Koczowska, I. (1981). The effect of seed size of the sowing material on the fresh matter and seed yields of pulses. Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin, 132, 3-15.
Torres, A. M., Román, B., Avila, C. M., Satovic, Z., Rubiales, D., Sillero, J. C., Cubero, J.I., & Moreno , M.T. (2006). Faba bean breeding for resistance against biotic stresses: towards application of marker technology. Euphytica, 147, 67–80. doi: 10.1007/s10681- 006-4057-6
Torres, A.M., Avila, C.M., Stoddard, F.L., & Cubero, J.I. (2012). Faba bean. Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of cool season grain legumes. Science Publishers, Hampshire, 50-97.
Trabanco, N. O. E. M. I., Pérez-Vega, E. L. E. N. A., Campa, A., Rubiales, D., & Ferreira, J. J. (2012). Genetic resistance to powdery mildew in common bean. Euphytica, 186(3), 875-882.
Tsolakis, N., Wood, T., Privat, I., Srai, J. S., Griffiths, H., Terrier, B., & Roturier, J. M. (2019). Developing fava beans as a sustainable source of high-quality protein for food supply chains through optimised genetics, farming and processing. 23rd Cambridge International Manufacturing Symposium University of Cambridge, 26–27 September 2019. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.45884
Van Emden, H. F., Ball, S. L., & Rao, M. R. (1988). Pest, disease and weed problems in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea. World crops: Cool season food legumes: A global perspective of the problems and prospects for crop improvement in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea, 519-534.
Wahbi, S., Prin, Y., Thioulouse, J., Sanguin, H., Baudoin, E., Maghraoui, T., Oufdou, K., Le Roux, C., Galiana, A., Hafidi, M., & Duponnois, R. (2016). Impact of wheat/faba bean mixed cropping or rotation systems on soil microbial functionalities. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1364. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01364
Webster, B., Bruce, T., Pickett, J., & Hardie, J. (2010). Volatiles functioning as host cues in a blend become nonhost cues when presented alone to the black bean aphid. Animal Behaviour, 79(2), 451-457.
Yadav, S. K., Verma, N., Singh, A. K., Singh, N., Rana, S. C., Ranga, S. S., & Kumar, K. (2017). Diversity and development in faba bean. Legume Research-An International Journal, 40(4), 618-623.
Yu, H., Yang, F., Hu, C., Yang, X., Zheng, A., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., He, Y. ,& Lv, M. (2023). Production status and research advancement on root rot disease of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14:1165658. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1165658
Yasmin, W., Paul, S. K., & Anwar, M. P. (2020). Growth, yield and quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in response to sowing date and phosphorus fertilization. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5(1), 11-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.050102.
Zandvakili, O. R., Barker, A. V., Hashemi, M., & Etemadi, F. (2019). Biomass and nutrient concentration of lettuce grown with organic fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(5), 444-457.
Zhang, Y., Li, L., Guo, Y. P., & Shao, Y. (2018). Impact of different planting densities on root rot and crop growth of faba bean in intercropping systems. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 24 (18), 60–61. doi: 10.16377/j.cnki.issn1007-7731.2018.18.028
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
